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Abstract Objective Survivors of pediatric head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma (HNRMS) are at risk of developing endocrinopathies following local treatment, resulting from radiation damage to the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, or thyroid gland, often at a young age. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of endocrine dysfunction in long-term HNRMS survivors and compare the prevalence of anterior pituitary insufficiency (API) among different local treatment strategies: external beam radiation with photons, external beam radiation with protons, microscopically radical surgery combined with external irradiation, and macroscopic radical surgery combined with brachytherapy. Design and methods Head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma survivors treated between 1993 and 2017, with ≥2 years of follow-up, without recurrent disease or secondary malignancy were eligible for this study. The presence of any endocrine dysfunction was assessed cross-sectionally using Common Terminology Criteria of Adverse Events grading, anthropometrics, and biochemical testing. Retrospective chart review was added to this clinical assessment. Results Ninety-six survivors with long follow-up time (median, 9 years) were included. Any endocrinopathy was present in 35% of survivors, with 88% having pituitary, 6% peripheral (thyroid), and 6% combined insufficiencies. None had gonadal insufficiency. Growth hormone deficiency was diagnosed in 31 (32%) survivors, with additional pituitary insufficiencies in 12 (39%). In 8%, central precocious puberty preceded API. None of the survivors given brachytherapy had API. Conclusions The prevalence of pituitary dysfunction in HNRMS survivors is high, emphasizing the importance of systematic endocrine assessment during follow-up, including pubertal development and growth. Efforts should be made to further reduce extraneous irradiation to endocrine organs to prevent dysfunction later in life.

• Book : 192(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.25-33
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ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the neuromodulatory substrates of salience processing and its impact on memory encoding and behaviour, with a specific focus on two distinct types of salience: reward and contextual unexpectedness. 46 Participants performed a novel task paradigm modulating these two aspects independently and allowing for investigating their distinct and interactive effects on memory encoding while undergoing high‐resolution fMRI. By using advanced image processing techniques tailored to examine midbrain and brainstem nuclei with high precision, our study additionally aimed to elucidate differential activation patterns in subcortical nuclei in response to reward‐associated and contextually unexpected stimuli, including distinct pathways involving in particular dopaminergic modulation. We observed a differential involvement of the ventral striatum, substantia nigra (SN) and caudate nucleus, as well as a functional specialisation within the subregions of the cingulate cortex for the two salience types. Moreover, distinct subregions within the SN in processing salience could be identified. Dorsal areas preferentially processed salience related to stimulus processing (of both reward and contextual unexpectedness), and ventral areas were involved in salience‐related memory encoding (for contextual unexpectedness only). These functional specialisations within SN are in line with different projection patterns of dorsal and ventral SN to brain areas supporting attention and memory, respectively. By disentangling stimulus processing and memory encoding related to two salience types, we hope to further consolidate our understanding of neuromodulatory structures' differential as well as interactive roles in modulating behavioural responses to salient events.

• Book : 46(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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Correction for ‘H2O assisted in improving the electrochemical performance of a deep eutectic electrolyte formed by choline chloride and magnesium chloride hexahydrate’ by Kaixiang Zou et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 33257–33267, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TA05504G.

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ABSTRACTEnvironmental DNA (eDNA) analysis has become a popular conservation tool for detecting rare and elusive species. eDNA assays typically target mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) due to its high copy number per cell and its ability to persist in the environment longer than nuclear DNA. Consequently, the development of eDNA assays has relied on mitochondrial reference sequences available in online databases, or in cases where such data are unavailable, de novo DNA extraction and sequencing of mtDNA. In this study, we designed eDNA primers for the critically endangered Bellinger River turtle (Myuchelys georgesi) using a bioinformatically assembled mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) derived from a reference genome. We confirmed the accuracy of this assembled mitogenome by comparing it to a Sanger‐sequenced mitogenome of the same species, and no base pair mismatches were detected. Using the bioinformatically extracted mitogenome, we designed two 20 bp primers that target a 152‐base‐pair‐long fragment of the cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) gene and a 186‐base‐pair‐long fragment of the cytochrome B (CytB) gene. Both primers were successfully validated in silico, in vitro, and in situ.

• Book : 15(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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