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2025
Citrus fruits, classified under the Rutaceae family and Citrus genus, are valued for their high nutritional content, attributed to their rich array of natural bioactive compounds. To ensure both quality and nutritional value, precise non-destructive testing methods are crucial. Among these, computer vision and spectroscopy technologies have emerged as key tools. This review examines the principles and applications of computer vision technologies—including traditional computer vision, hyperspectral, and multispectral imaging—as well as various spectroscopy techniques, such as infrared, Raman, fluorescence, terahertz, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Additionally, data fusion methods that integrate these technologies are discussed. The review explores innovative uses of these approaches in Citrus quality inspection and grading, damage detection, adulteration identification, and traceability assessment. Each technology offers distinct characteristics and advantages tailored to the specific testing requirements in Citrus production. Through data fusion, these technologies can be synergistically combined, enhancing the accuracy and depth of Citrus quality assessments. Future advancements in this field will likely focus on optimizing data fusion algorithms, selecting effective preprocessing and feature extraction techniques, and developing portable, on-site detection devices. These innovations will drive the Citrus industry toward increased intelligence and precision in quality control.- Book : 14(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.386-386
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2025
AbstractBackgroundK‐edge subtraction (KES) imaging is a dual‐energy imaging technique that enhances contrast by subtracting images taken with x‐rays that are above and below the K‐edge energy of a specified contrast agent. The resulting reconstruction spatially identifies where the contrast agent accumulates, even when obscured by complex and heterogeneous distributions of human tissue. This method is most successful when x‐ray sources are quasimonoenergetic and tunable, conditions that have traditionally only been met at synchrotrons. Laser‐Compton x‐ray sources (LCSs) are a compact alternative to synchrotron radiation with a quasimonoenergetic x‐ray spectrum. One limitation in the clinical application of KES imaging with LCSs has been the extensive time required to tune the x‐ray spectrum to two different energies.PurposeWe introduce an imaging technique called scanning K‐edge subtraction (SKES) that leverages the angle‐correlated laser‐Compton x‐ray spectrum in the setting of mammography. The feasibility and utility of this technique will be evaluated through a series of simulation studies. The goal of SKES imaging is to enable rapid K‐edge subtraction imaging using a laser‐Compton x‐ray source. The technique does not rely on the time‐consuming process of tuning laser‐Compton interaction parameters.MethodsLaser‐Compton interaction physics are modeled using conditions based on an X‐band linear electron accelerator architecture currently under development using a combination of 3D particle tracking software and Mathematica. The resulting angle‐correlated laser‐Compton x‐ray beam is propagated through digitally compressed breast phantoms containing iodine contrast‐enhanced inserts and then to a digital flat‐panel detector using a Matlab Monte Carlo propagation software. This scanning acquisition technique is compared to the direct energy tuning method (DET), as well as to a clinically available dual‐energy contrast‐enhanced mammography (CEM) system.ResultsKES imaging in a scanning configuration using an LCS was able to generate a KES image of comparable quality to the direct energy tuning method. SKES was able to detect tumors with iodine contrast concentrations lower than what is clinically available today including lesions that are typically obscured by dense fibroglandular tissue. After normalizing to mean glandular dose, SKES is able to generate a KES image with equal contrast to CEM using only 3% of the dose.ConclusionsBy leveraging the unique quasimonochromatic and angle‐correlated x‐ray spectrum offered by LCSs, a contrast‐enhanced subtraction image can be obtained with significantly more contrast and less dose compared to conventional systems, and improve tumor detection in patients with dense breast tissue. The scanning configuration of this technique could accelerate the clinical translation of this technology.- Book : ()
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2025
Abstract. The behavior of convection producing the anvil is neither well derived from current available observations nor well represented in models. In this work, a novel convective cloud data product is designed to capture the convective anvil outflow. Convective organizations and life stages are derived from the images of infrared brightness temperature (BT) of geostationary (GEO) satellites based on a variable-BT segment tracking algorithm, which brings the possibility for quantifying the convective anvil outflow. Vertical structures of convection are measured by sensors of the A-Train Constellation, which provides the cross section of convective outflow. Here, GEO-based convective tracking and A-Train-detected cloud vertical profiles are combined to develop a novel comprehensive GEO-A-Train merged (GATM) convective cloud data product for investigating the process of convective anvil outflow. On the basis of this novel Lagrangian-view GATM data, the anvil production for mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) can be quantified. The results show that daytime MCSs can produce more anvil clouds than nighttime MCSs. During the daytime, shortwave radiative heating destabilizes the MCS top and invigorates the top-heavy circulation to promote the anvil outflow, whereas during the nighttime longwave radiative cooling stabilizes the MCS top and weakens the circulation to hinder the anvil outflow. Moreover, approximately 11 W m-2 for cloud radiative effects are modulated by the diurnal variation of convective outflow. Overall, this work presents the observed anvil-radiation diurnal interaction process: radiative heating determines the diurnal variation of anvil outflow; in turn, the diurnal variation of anvil outflow determines the Earth radiative budget.
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2025
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2025
A novel bacterial cellulose (BC)-based composite hydrogel with graphene quantum dots (BC-GQDs) was developed for photodynamic therapy using blue and green light (BC-GQD_blue and BC-GQD_green) to target pathogenic bacterial biofilms. This approach aims to address complications in treating nosocomial infections and combating multi-drug-resistant organisms. Short-term illumination (30 min) of both BC-GQD samples led to singlet oxygen production and a reduction in pathogenic biofilms. Significant antibiofilm activity (>50% reduction) was achieved against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with BC-GQD_green, and against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with BC-GQD_blue. Atomic force microscopy images revealed a substantial decrease in biofilm mass, accompanied by changes in surface roughness and area, further confirming the antibiofilm efficacy of BC-GQDs under blue and green light, without any observed chemical alterations. Additionally, the biocompatibility of BC-GQDs was demonstrated with human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). For the first time, in vitro studies explored the visible light-induced potential of BC-GQD composites to promote wound healing processes, showing increased migratory potential and the upregulation of eNOS and MMP9 gene expressions in HGFs. Chemical characterization revealed a 70 nm upshift in the photoluminescence emission spectra compared to the excitation wavelength. These novel photoactive BC-GQD hydrogel composites show great promise as effective agents for wound healing regeneration and infection management.- Book : 26(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.1053-1053
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2025
Hexagonal nanopattern formation via EP is proposed. Anodization in glycerol electrolyte (0.1 M H2O, 0.1 M NH4F) yielded a hybrid nanostructure on Zr-4. Effect of MP + CP & EP + CP treatments on the Zr-4 anodic nanostructure morphology was evaluated.- Book : 15(4)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.2618-2631
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2025
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2025
This communication aims to comprehensively elucidate the intricate mechanism governing the interaction between the excited triplet state of 4-Carboxybenzophenone (CB*) and the anionic form of 2-Naphthalene Sulfonate (NpSO3−), employing the 337 nm Nanosecond Laser Flash Photolysis technique for this investigation. When the CB is selectively excited by a 337 nm laser, two primary processes become possible: (i) energy transfer from 3CB* to NpSO3− and (ii) electron transfer from NpSO3− to 3CB*. The dynamics of these interactions are explored through experimental observations of transient absorption spectra and the analysis of respective kinetic traces. The primary process dominating in the 3(CB...NpSO3−)* system is identified as triplet energy transfer from excited 3CB* to 3(NpSO3−), as demonstrated by characteristic spectral features observed at 410–420 nm. Comparisons are made with a similar system studied by Yamaji and co-workers, 3(BP•−...NpO•)*, revealing differences in the priority of primary process occurrences. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the intricate interactions between excited molecules and ground-state donors, aiding in the comprehension of mechanisms governing these reactions.- Book : 5(1)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.4-4
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2025
An earthquake record is the convolution of source radiation, path propagation and site effects, and instrument response. Isolating the source component requires solving an ill-posed inverse problem. Whether the instability of inferred source parameters arises from varying properties of the source, or from approximations we introduce in solving the problem, remains an open question. Such approximations often derive from limited knowledge of the forward problem. The Empirical Green’s function (EGF) approach offers a partial remedy by approximating the forward response of larger events using the records of small events. Indeed, the choice of the « best » small event drastically influences the properties estimated for the larger earthquake. Discriminating variability in source properties from epistemic uncertainties, stemming from the forward problem or other modeling assumptions, requires us to reliably account for, and propagate, any bias or trade-off introduced in the problem. We propose a Bayesian inversion framework that aims at providing reliable and probabilistic estimates of source parameters (here, for the source-time function or STF), and their posterior uncertainty, in the time domain. We jointly solve for the best EGF using one or a few small events as prior EGF. Our approach is based on DeepGEM, an unsupervised generalized expectation-maximization framework for blind inversion (Gao et al, 2021). We demonstrate, with toy models as well as an application to an earthquake swarm in California, the potential of DeepGEM-EGF to disentangle the variability of the seismic source from biases introduced by modeling assumptions.- Book : ()
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2025
ABSTRACTBackgroundSurgery remains the cornerstone of treatment for rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in children. However, there is considerable variation in surgical management practices worldwide, highlighting the need for standardized Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG).MethodsThe CPG development involved assembling a multidisciplinary group, prioritizing 10 key topic areas, conducting evidence searches, and synthesizing findings. Recommendations were voted on using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) methodology.RecommendationsThe panel recommended regional lymph node evaluation for patients with paratesticular RMS who are more than 10 years old and extremity RMS. Other suggestions included pretreatment re‐excision for incompletely resected RMS, preoperative radiation therapy for unresectable tumors, maintaining a 0.5 cm resection margin, and tumor bed marking with surgical clips. The panel also suggests resection of residual metastatic disease following chemotherapy, resection of relapsed disease, and the least invasive approach for managing patients presenting with obstruction.ConclusionThis CPG provides evidence‐based surgical management recommendations for RMS that can be adapted to diverse resource settings.- Book : ()
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