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2025
Proton therapy represents a groundbreaking advancement in cancer radiotherapy, leveraging the unique spatial energy distribution of protons to deliver precise, high-dose radiation to tumors while sparing surrounding healthy tissues. Despite its clinical success, proton therapy faces challenges in optimizing its therapeutic precision and efficacy. Recent research has highlighted the potential of gold nanoparticles to enhance proton therapy outcomes. Due to their high atomic number and favorable biological properties, gold nanoparticles act as radiosensitizers by amplifying the generation of secondary electrons and reactive oxygen species upon proton irradiation. This enhances DNA damage in tumor cells while preserving healthy tissues. Additionally, functionalization of gold nanoparticles with tumor-targeting ligands offers improved precision, making proton therapy more effective against a broader range of cancers. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the mechanisms of gold nanoparticle radiosensitization, preclinical evidence, and the technological hurdles that must be addressed to integrate this promising approach into clinical practice, aiming to advance the efficacy and accessibility of proton therapy in cancer therapy.- Book : 17(2)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.176-176
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2025
Abstract
Bullet surface has a significant role in many engineering and industrial sectors, due to its wide fluid-based thermal management systems. The current approach emphasizes heat transfer mechanism in flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid over a bullet shape geometry. The integration of infinite shear rate viscosity-based model of Carreau explored the predictive capabilities of enhanced heat transport in ternary hybrid nanofluid. The purpose of the study is to seek an advanced predictive model that accurately captures the thermal prediction in ternary hybrid nanofluid under varying conditions of shear rate. By utilizing artificial neural networks (ANNs), the aim of this study is to simulate and analyze how these fluids respond to the combined effects of viscous dissipation, non-uniform heat sink source, thermal radiation, and infinite shear rate viscosity when interacting with bullet-shaped geometry. The physical model initially generated a set of partial differential equations, based on assumption in this study, and then this system is converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity transformations. This conversion simplifies the system into a more manageable form. The resulting ODEs are then numerically solved using the bvp4c method. The solutions obtained from this process are compiled into a dataset, which is then used to train through ANN. This neural network is designed to predict advanced solutions. The increase in velocity magnitude increases for stretching ratio and infinite shear rate parameter while it decreases for location parameter and velocity slip parameter. On the other hand, temperature profile decreased with augmentation in the numeric values of radiation parameter and Eckert numbers while it demonstrates the opposite trend for heat generation number and magnetic parameter. The rate of temperature increment is highest in ternary hybrid nanofluids compared to nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids.- Book : 35(1)
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.1-35
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2025
The oral cavity is known to harbor hundreds of microorganisms, belonging to various genera, constituting a peculiar flora called the oral microbiome. The change in the relative distribution of the constituents of this microbial flora, due to any reason, leads to oral dysbiosis. For centuries, oral dysbiosis has been linked to the etiopathogenesis of several medical illnesses, both locally and systemically-. However, aided by the recent advent of bio-technological capabilities, several reports have re-emerged that link oral dysbiosis to oral carcinogenesis, and numerous studies are currently exploring their association and plausible mechanisms. Some of the proposed mechanisms of oral dysbiosis-induced carcinogenesis (ODIC) include—a bacteria-induced chronic inflammatory state leading to direct cellular damage, inflammatory-cytokine-mediated promotion of cellular proliferation and invasion, release of bacterial products that are carcinogenic, and suppression of local immunity by alteration of the tumor microenvironment. However, the actual interactions between these cellular mechanisms and their role in carcinogenesis are not yet fully understood. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the various hypotheses and mechanisms implicated in the ODIC, along with the corresponding molecular aberrations. Apart from discussing the usual constituents of the oral microbiome profile, the review also summarizes the various dysbiosis profiles implicated in ODIC. The review also sheds light on the potential clinical implications of the research on oral microbiome in the prevention and management of oral cancer.- Book : 13(2)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.448-448
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2025
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neuromuscular disease characterized by progressive motor neuron degeneration and muscle atrophy, with no effective treatments available. Chronic inflammation, which impairs muscle regeneration and promotes proteolysis, is a key contributor to ALS-related muscle atrophy and a promising therapeutic target. Here, we applied extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from regenerating skeletal muscles 14 days post-acute injury (CTXD14SkM-EVs), which possess a unique anti-inflammatory profile, to target muscle defects in ALS. We found that CTXD14SkM-EVs enhanced myoblast differentiation and fusion in a cellular muscle-wasting model induced by pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha. Intramuscular administration of these EVs into an ALS mouse model mitigated muscle atrophy by promoting muscle regeneration, shifting macrophage polarization from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 state, and suppressing the aberrant Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, a key driver of muscle protein degradation. These results underscore the therapeutic potential of regenerating muscle-derived EVs for combating muscle atrophy in ALS.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
The Moon serves as an ideal reference radiation source for on-orbit calibration of starborne optical remote sensing instruments. To enhance the characterization capability for lunar spectral radiation, the full-field integrated radiation observation system (FIROS) for lunar hyperspectral irradiance measurement has been developed. FIROS accomplished lunar hyperspectral irradiance measurements in the 400–1000 nm range by integrating and spectrally analyzing the radiation across the entire lunar disc, reducing the angular sensitivity and polarization sensitivity to lunar radiation. Performance tests and preliminary lunar observational experiments conducted on FIROS indicate that the system possesses excellent response linearity and environmental adaptability, with a reduction in lunar tracking accuracy requirements by approximately an order of magnitude compared to push-broom imaging observations. The performance and lunar observation capabilities of the system have been well validated. FIROS provides a lunar observation method that simultaneously achieves full-disk light collection and hyperspectral measurement, demonstrating strong environmental adaptability and laying a solid foundation for enhancing long-term stable lunar observation data and establishing lunar radiation benchmarks.- Book : 17(4)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.626-626
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2025
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the function of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific antigen density (PSAd) in the screening of prostate cancer in individuals with Diabetes Mellitus (DM).
Methods: This study was retrospective and cross-sectional. 467 patients who underwent transrectal ultrasound-guided 10-12 core prostate biopsy between 01 January and 31 December 2022 were included. Through the hospital information management system, the demographics, radiological, biochemical, and pathological results of the patients were scanned.
Results: PSAd>0.15 ng/mL/cm³ and total PSA (t-PSA)>8.58 ng/mL were substantially associated with an elevated probability of the existence of cancer when all patients were included. PSAd>0.19 ng/mL/cm³ and t-PSA>11.34 ng/mL were shown to be strongly associated with an elevated risk of cancer in patients with DM (P<0.001). PSAd>0.14 ng/mL/cm³ and t-PSA>8.49 ng/mL were substantially associated with an elevated probability of cancer presence in individuals without a diagnosis of DM. PSAd>0.15 ng/mL/cm³ and t-PSA>8.58 ng/mL were substantially associated with an elevated probability of cancer presence in individuals with fasting blood glucose (FBG) <126 mg/dL (P<0.001). It has been established that PSAd cannot be utilized as a marker to predict cancer in people with FBG≥126 mg/dL (P=0.070). Higher cancer risk was substantially correlated with t-PSA values of >5.73 ng/mL (P=0.001).
Conclusions: The change in prostate volume brought on by high blood glucose levels might be the cause of PSAd's lack of selectivity. Patients with DM are a special group in prostate cancer screening, and this should be considered when establishing cancer screening algorithms.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.1-9
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2025
For pets, healthy hair not only represents their beautiful appearance, but also reflects their overall health status. Nutritional imbalance, skin parasites, and stress can all cause a large amount of hair loss in pets, leading to skin-related diseases and posing a threat to their health. So, it is very important to understand and find solutions to alleviate or treat pet hair loss. The Wnt/β-catenin signal plays a core role in the hair regeneration process. Here, we report that keratin hydrolyzed, egg yolk lecithin, and fish collagen peptide promote β-catenin nuclear translocation and significantly enhance the expression of their target genes in canines and cats skin cell lines, indicating that these nutrients are likely to play a beneficial role in promoting hair regeneration in canines and cats.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.1-1
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