• Book : 1010()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.178260
• Keyword :

We present here a newly developed software tool (called PGMweb) for computing and simulating the X-ray beam path through a plane grating monochromator (PGM), a key component in soft X-ray beamlines at modern synchrotron and free-electron laser facilities. A historical overview of the development of PGMs is presented, with special attention dedicated to the collimated PGM optical scheme found at several X-ray facilities worldwide. The analytical expressions that fully describe the geometry of a PGM are derived and have been implemented as functions in a Python library (pyplanemono). PGMweb is distributed as a web-based application that can be run in any modern browser without installation, making its use very straightforward for X-ray beamline designers and beamline scientists alike.

• Book : 32(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.261-268
• Keyword :

• Book : 1010()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.116776
• Keyword :

• Book : 213()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.111166
• Keyword :

• Book : 213()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.111175
• Keyword :

Abstract

In the last 30 y, observational as well as experimental studies have addressed possible health effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) and investigated potential interaction mechanisms. The main goal of ICNIRP is to protect people and the environment from detrimental exposure to all forms of non-ionizing radiation (NIR), providing advice and guidance by developing and disseminating exposure guidelines based on the available scientific research on specific parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. During the development of International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection’s (ICNIRP’s) 2020 radiofrequency EMF guidelines some gaps in the available data were identified. To encourage further research into knowledge gaps in research that would, if addressed, assist ICNIRP in further developing guidelines and setting revised recommendations on limiting exposure, data gaps that were identified during the development of the 2020 radiofrequency EMF guidelines, in conjunction with subsequent consideration of the literature, are described in this Statement. Note that this process and resultant recommendations were not intended to duplicate more traditional research agendas, whose focus is on extending knowledge in this area more generally but was tightly focused on identifying the highest data gap priorities for guidelines development more specifically. The result of this distinction is that the present data gap recommendations do not include some gaps in the literature that in principle could be relevant to radiofrequency EMF health, but which were excluded because either the link between exposure and endpoint, or the link between endpoint and health, was not supported sufficiently by the literature. The evaluation of these research areas identified the following data gaps: (1) Issues concerning relations between radiofrequency EMF exposure and heat-induced pain; (2) Clarification of the relation between whole-body exposure and core temperature rise from 100 kHz to 300 GHz, as a function of exposure duration and combined EMF exposures; (3) Adverse effect thresholds and thermal dosimetry for a range of ocular structures; (4) Pain thresholds for contact currents under a range of exposure scenarios, including associated dosimetry; and (5) A range of additional dosimetry studies to both support future research, and also to improve the application of radiofrequency EMF exposure restrictions in future guidelines.

• Book : 128(2)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.190-202
• Keyword :

• Book : 180()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.105563
• Keyword :

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of single‐photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) in detecting and localizing the causative vertebra in cases of suspected fresh osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) in patients with contraindications to MRI.

Methods

A total of 21 patients with severe back pain with 31 suspected OVCF segments and contraindications to MRI were initially identified through radiographs and the back pain‐inducing test (BPIT). The responsible vertebral bodies were determined using [^99mTc]MDP SPECT/CT before percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP). Clinical outcomes and radiographic parameters, including basic demographics, injury duration, focal kyphosis (FK), loss of vertebral height (LVH), and relative intensity values (RIVs) for target and nontarget segments in the SPECT/CT were measured.

Results

SPECT/CT identified 14 old and 26 fresh OVCFs. Of these, 18 patients with 26 fresh OVCF segments underwent PVP, and achieved satisfactory outcomes. Significant differences were observed in the RIV, FK, and LVH values between the fresh and old OCVF groups (all p < 0.05). RIVs showed a significant negative correlation with injury duration (r = −0.57, p < 0.05), and a positive correlation with LVH (r = 0.43, p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that injury duration was an independent predictor of RIVs (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

SPECT/CT is useful for detecting and differentiating fresh fractures from old fractures in patients having OVCF who cannot undergo MRI after BPIT validation, allowing these patients to achieve excellent clinical outcomes following PVP. The RIV serves as a valuable parameter for assessing the duration of fresh versus old OVCFs.

Trial Registration

ChiCTR, ChiCTR 2300077570. Retrospectively registered, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=206192.

• Book : 45(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.e12923
• Keyword :

• Book : 605()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.155538
• Keyword :

• Book : 286()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.113182
• Keyword :