Interest in composite refractory ZrO2 - Al2O3 ceramics is due to the great prospects for their use in extreme conditions (radiation exposure, thermal cycling, exposure to aggressive environments) due to the high resistance to external influences of these ceramics. Moreover, the features of high resistance to external influences for this type of ceramics are due to their structural features and phase composition, which are controlled by the synthesis method and its conditions. This paper presents the results of studying the influence of variations in the annealing temperature of ZrO2 - Al2O3 ceramics obtained by solid-phase synthesis, as well as establishing the effect of variations in the phase composition on strengthening and resistance to thermal cycling. In the course of the research, using the X-ray phase analysis method, it was found that at temperatures above 1200 °C, the formation of an impurity substitution phase of the AlZrO2 type is observed, the formation of which leads to strengthening and increased resistance to external influences. For ZrO2 - Al2O3 ceramic samples, in which the AlZrO2 phase content was about 15-20 % (samples obtained at annealing temperatures of 1400 - 1500 °C), the change in strength characteristics after 5 successive cycles was less than 3 %, which is more than 9 times lower than the similar change for two-phase samples obtained at an annealing temperature of 1000 °C.

• Book : 336(1)
• Pub. Date : 2026
• Page : pp.48-63
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• Book : 21(1)
• Pub. Date : 2026
• Page : pp.322-323
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JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202601000-00043/figure1/v/2025-03-30T110608Z/r/image-tiff

Progressive photoreceptor cell death is one of the main pathological features of age-related macular degeneration and eventually leads to vision loss. Ferroptosis has been demonstrated to be associated with retinal degenerative diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis and photoreceptor cell death in age-related macular degeneration remain largely unexplored. Bioinformatics and biochemical analyses in this study revealed xC^-, solute carrier family 7 member 11-regulated ferroptosis as the predominant pathological process of photoreceptor cell degeneration in a light-induced dry age-related macular degeneration mouse model. This process involves the nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2-solute carrier family 7 member 11-glutathione peroxidase 4 signaling pathway, through which cystine depletion, iron ion accumulation, and enhanced lipid peroxidation ultimately lead to photoreceptor cell death and subsequent visual function impairment. We demonstrated that solute carrier family 7 member 11 overexpression blocked this process by inhibiting oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, solute carrier family 7 member 11 knockdown or the solute carrier family 7 member 11 inhibitor sulfasalazine and ferroptosis-inducing agent erastin aggravated H2O2-induced ferroptosis of 661W cells. These findings indicate solute carrier family 7 member 11 may be a potential therapeutic target for patients with retinal degenerative diseases including age-related macular degeneration.

• Book : 21(1)
• Pub. Date : 2026
• Page : pp.406-416
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• Book : 54(1)
• Pub. Date : 2026
• Page : pp.171-173
• Keyword :

Traumatic brain injury can be categorized into primary and secondary injuries. Secondary injuries are the main cause of disability following traumatic brain injury, which involves a complex multicellular cascade. Microglia play an important role in secondary injury and can be activated in response to traumatic brain injury. In this article, we review the origin and classification of microglia as well as the dynamic changes of microglia in traumatic brain injury. We also clarify the microglial polarization pathways and the therapeutic drugs targeting activated microglia. We found that regulating the signaling pathways involved in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory microglia, such as the Toll-like receptor 4 /nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, Notch, and high mobility group box 1 pathways, can alleviate the inflammatory response triggered by microglia in traumatic brain injury, thereby exerting neuroprotective effects. We also reviewed the strategies developed on the basis of these pathways, such as drug and cell replacement therapies. Drugs that modulate inflammatory factors, such as rosuvastatin, have been shown to promote the polarization of anti-inflammatory microglia and reduce the inflammatory response caused by traumatic brain injury. Mesenchymal stem cells possess anti-inflammatory properties, and clinical studies have confirmed their significant efficacy and safety in patients with traumatic brain injury. Additionally, advancements in mesenchymal stem cell-delivery methods-such as combinations of novel biomaterials, genetic engineering, and mesenchymal stem cell exosome therapy-have greatly enhanced the efficiency and therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells in animal models. However, numerous challenges in the application of drug and mesenchymal stem cell treatment strategies remain to be addressed. In the future, new technologies, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis, can facilitate further experimental studies. Moreover, research involving non-human primates can help translate these treatment strategies to clinical practice.

• Book : 21(1)
• Pub. Date : 2026
• Page : pp.39-56
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• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
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• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
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• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
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• Book : 15(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.345-345
• Keyword :

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
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