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2025
Infrared (IR) sensors are widely used in various applications due to their ability to detect infrared radiation. Currently, infrared detector technology is in its third generation and faces enormous challenges. IR radiation propagation is categorized into distinct transmission windows with the most intriguing aspects of thermal imaging being mid-wave infrared (MWIR) and long-wave infrared (LWIR). Infrared detectors for thermal imaging have many uses in industrial applications, security, search and rescue, surveillance, medical, research, meteorology, climatology, and astronomy. Presently, high-performance infrared imaging technology mostly relies on epitaxially grown structures of the small-bandgap bulk alloy mercury–cadmium–telluride (MCT), indium antimonide (InSb), and GaAs-based quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs), contingent upon the application and wavelength range. Nanostructures and nanomaterials exhibiting appropriate electrical and mechanical properties including two-dimensional materials, graphene, quantum dots (QDs), quantum dot in well (DWELL), and colloidal quantum dot (CQD) will significantly enhance the electronic characteristics of infrared photodetectors, transition metal dichalcogenides, and metal oxides, which are garnering heightened interest. The present manuscript gives an overview of IR sensors, their types, materials commonly used in them, and examples of related applications. Finally, a summary of the manuscript and an outlook on prospects are given.- Book : 25(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.673-673
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2025
The gut microbiota, a complex community of microorganisms, plays a crucial role in gastrointestinal (GI) health, influencing digestion, metabolism, immune function, and the gut–brain axis. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in microbiota composition, is associated with GI disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colorectal cancer (CRC). Conventional microbiota analysis methods, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), provide valuable insights but are often expensive, time-consuming, and destructive. Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a non-invasive, cost-effective, and highly sensitive alternative. This analytical technique relies on inelastic light scattering to generate molecular “fingerprints,” enabling real-time, marker-free analysis of microbiota composition and metabolic activity. This review explores the principles, sample preparation techniques, and advancements in RS, including surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), for microbiota research. RS facilitates identifying microbial species, analysing key metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and monitoring microbiota responses to dietary and therapeutic interventions. The comparative analysis highlights RS’s advantages over conventional techniques, such as the minimal sample preparation, real-time capabilities, and non-destructive nature. The integration of RS with machine learning enhances its diagnostic potential, enabling biomarker discovery and personalised treatment strategies for GI disorders. Challenges, including weak Raman signals and spectral complexity, are discussed alongside emerging solutions. As RS technology advances, mainly through portable spectrometers and AI integration, its clinical application in microbiota diagnostics and personalised medicine is poised to transform GI healthcare, bridging microbiota research with practical therapeutic strategies.- Book : 15(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.292-292
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2025
Objective: The detection of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) is crucial in diagnosing systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs). The Dense Fine Speckled (DFS) nuclear pattern is one of the most common indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) patterns detected during routine ANA screening in patients with various clinical conditions. The aim of this study was to analyze the data of patients who were positive for DFS/antiDFS in our patient population and to show the possible clinical relationship.
Methods: In this retrospective study, 7406 patient serum samples sent to our laboratory for routine ANA screening between May 2022-2023 were evaluated for the presence of anti-DFS.
Results: In a group of patients referred for routine ANA screening using the indirect immunofluorescence method, the frequency of DFS pattern was found to be 4.55% (337/7406), with ANA positivity detected at a rate of 25.68% (1902/7406). Out of 221 patients with DFS pattern, 181 tested positive for anti-DFS antibodies in both the IIF-ANA and immunoblot (IB) tests. Additionally, 11 of these patients tested positive for other antibodies against different extractable nuclear antigens (anti-ENAs). Conversely, only seven out of the 40 patients who tested negative for anti-DFS antibodies showed positive results for other anti-ENAs.
Conclusion: The DFS pattern is often positive in individuals. In patients exhibiting this pattern, anti-DFS70 antibody may be detected alone or in combination with SARD-associated autoantibodies. Therefore, we propose that in this patient cohort, it would be more prudent to screen for additional concomitant autoantibodies with anti-ENA rather than confirming isolated anti-DFS.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.41.2.10336
How to cite this: Gurbuz M, Yıldırım BF, Cetinkol Y. Evaluation of Positive Cases for Dense Fine Speckled (DFS) Immunofluorescence Pattern and Anti-DFS70 Antibodies. Pak J Med Sci. 2025;41(2):580-584. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.41.2.10336
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.- Book : 41(2)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.580-584
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2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.100697-100697
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- Book : 66(1)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.106-106
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2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
In ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs) involving relativistic heavy ions, the production of heavy-flavor coherent vector mesons through photon-nuclear interactions is a key focus due to its direct sensitivity to the nuclear gluon density. Experimental measurements, however, face a two-way ambiguity as the collision involves two lead ions which can act as both a photon-emitter projectile and a target. This ambiguity hinders the separation of contributions from high and low-energy photon-nucleus interactions, restricting our ability to probe the extremely small-x regime where nonlinear QCD effects are anticipated. This writeup unveils the measurement of coherent heavy quarkonium photoproduction, addressing the two-way ambiguity by employing a forward neutron tagging technique in UPC PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. Overall these studies focus on the dominance of gluons in nuclear matter probed at higher energies.- Book : 316()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.04011-04011
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2025
Background
The role of adjuvant radiotherapy in pancreatic cancer following radical surgery remains a subject of of controversy. This study aimed to more accurately screen pancreatic patients who benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy.
Methods
Clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with resectable pancreatic cancer were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2004–2015). Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to identify prognostic factors affecting patient survival. All the patients were divided into two groups, one receiving radiation and the other not. Selection bias were reduced by propensity-score matching (PSM). Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) between the two groups.
Results
Within 7097 patients, 2276 received adjuvant radiotherapy (external beam radiation), and 4821 did not. Multivariate analysis revealed that race, age, median income, sex, year of diagnosis, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) T stage, N stage, scope region lymph surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy were independent predictors for overall survival of all the patients (all p < 0.05). After PSM, a total of 4304 patients were included. There was no OS and CSS benefit of radiotherapy compared with no-radiotherapy (all p > 0.05). Among patients with N1 stage, the radiotherapy group exhibited a median overall survival (mOS) of 21 months (95% CI, 19.82 to 22.18), while the non-radiotherapy group showed a slightly lower mOS of 18 months (95% CI, 16.88 to 19.12). Similarly, in terms of median cancer-specific survival (mCSS), the radiotherapy group demonstrated a mCSS of 22 months (95% CI, 20.79 to 23.21), whereas the non-radiotherapy group had a slightly shorter mCSS of 19 months (95% CI, 17.81 to 20.19). Radiotherapy reduced the all-cause mortality rate and cancer-specific mortality rate among patients with the N1 stage and T4 stage (all p < 0.05). In contrast, the patients in the radiotherapy group with the N0 stage (mOS, 28 months versus 34 months; mCSS, 30 months versus 41months), or primary focus on the body and tail of the pancreas (mOS, 23 months versus 29 months; mCSS, 25 months versus 32 months), or T1 stage (mOS, 36 months versus 113 months; mCSS, 36 months versus 104 months) exhibited a higher all-cause mortality rate and cancer-specific mortality rate compared to those without radiotherapy (all p < 0.05). Subgroup analysis indicated N1 stage pancreatic cancer patients with T2-4 stage, primary focus on the head of the pancreas, young age of onset, and combination chemotherapy were in favor of the adjuvant radiotherapy group (all p < 0.05).
Conclusions
Our analysis demonstrates that adjuvant radiotherapy may be beneficial for N1 stage (N+) pancreatic cancer patients who have undergone up-front radical surgery with T2-4 stage, primary focus on the head of the pancreas, young age of onset, and receiving combination chemotherapy. However, radiotherapy needs to be used with caution in patients with T1 stage, N0 stage (N-), or primary focus on the body and tail of the pancreas. These findings may contribute to the development of personalized selection criteria for adjuvant radiotherapy in post-surgical pancreatic cancer patients.
- Book : 20(1)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.e0317995-e0317995
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2025
Inflammation, a fundamental response to infection and injury, involves interactions among immune cells and signaling molecules. Dysregulated inflammation contributes to diseases such as autoimmune disorders and cancer. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), produced by macrophages in response to lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Gram-positive bacteria, is a key inflammatory mediator. Glabridin (GBD), a bioactive compound from licorice root, exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigates GBD’s effects on LTA-induced proinflammatory signaling in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages and alveolar macrophages, MH-S, focusing on IL-1β expression and signaling pathways. Cell viability assays confirmed that 20 μM GBD was non-cytotoxic. Confocal microscopy and quantitative PCR showed that GBD significantly reduced IL-1β fluorescence intensity, mRNA, and protein levels. GBD also inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) production. Further analysis revealed that GBD suppressed NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation and selectively modulated MAPK pathway activation by reducing JNK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation without affecting ERK. Studies using specific inhibitors demonstrated that IL-1β production reduction was mechanistically linked to MAPK pathway inhibition. These findings highlight GBD’s potential as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases through its ability to modulate critical inflammatory mediators and signaling pathways.- Book : 15(2)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.174-174
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2025
IntroductionThe formation of yield and quality in maize involves the accumulation of substances such as starch, proteins, and fats, which interact with water within the kernel. Although temporal dynamics of grain moisture and its functional and environmental determinants have been broadly demonstrated, we still do not have a comprehensive understanding of the distribution of water phase within a kernel.MethodsWe investigated the relationship between tissue structural traits, including embryo volume (EMBV), endosperm volume (ENDV), vitreous endosperm volume (VEV), floury endosperm volume (FEV), and water content in different phases, such as bound water, semi-bound water, and free water, in maize kernels under different cultivars, nitrogen application rates, and soaking durations by combining low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and X-ray microcomputed tomography (μ-CT) for kernels.ResultsThe results demonstrate that bound water is the major phase (57-82%) in maize kernels, and this proportion decreases with prolonged soaking duration. The bound water content and semi-bound water content positively correlate to ENDV, VEV, and EMBV, whereas free water content correlates to ENDV, EMBV, and VEV in descending order of correlation coefficient. This indicates that water might penetrate the embryo through the pedicel and vitreous endosperm through the pericarp during soaking.DiscussionFinally, we suggested that the proportion of semi-bound water could be a robust indicator to predict moisture content in maize kernels. The study provides a preliminary understanding of the structural basis of water distribution in maize kernels, thereby opening up the potential for designing efficient production systems and breeding cultivars well-suited for mechanical harvesting.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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