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2025
Abstract
The International Symposium on Liquid Metals Applications for Fusion (ISLA) aims to assemble scientists and engineers engaged in research on lithium and liquid metal applications for fusion devices, facilitating discussions on recent advancements and challenges in an open forum to support the development of viable fusion reactors. The 8th International Symposium on Liquid Metals Applications for Fusion (ISLA-8) was organized by the Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, form September 8-12, 2024, in Hefei, China. The symposium was attended by over 70 participants, marking one of the highest attendance figures in the series. A total of 68 presentations were delivered, including 59 presented on-site, while the remainder were conducted online. The participants represented 10 countries, namely China, Japan, the Netherlands, Russia, the USA, the Czech Republic, Italy, Thailand, Spain, and Germany. The symposium covered 10 topics, structured into 13 sessions. Additionally, an opening session provided an overview of the current symposium, while a closing session summarized reports from each session chair.- Book : ()
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2025
Abstract
In the control of large superconducting tokamaks, particularly for devices like DEMO reactors, where no stabilizing plates or in-vessel coils due to the existence of tritium blankets, position, shape, and current of plasmas must be controlled solely with superconducting coils, for which we developed novel control schemes [S. Inoue et al., Nuclear Fusion 61, 096009 (2021)]; an adaptive voltage allocation (AVA) scheme automatically allocates power supply voltages for plasma current and position/shape control, and a robust last closed flux surface reconstruction scheme can robustly reconstruct the plasma shape in the presence of large eddy currents. This paper reports the first experimental demonstration of these schemes on JT-60SA, which is the world’s largest tokamak and has DEMO-relevant device conditions, such as no stabilization plates and in-vessel coils. During the first operational phase at JT-60SA, interference in control of shape, position, and current of plasmas was successfully resolved by the AVA scheme, achieving several milestones such as an elongation of 1.7 (with a vertical instability growth rate of around 90 s−1), and the world’s largest plasma current of 1.2 MA as a superconducting tokamak.- Book : ()
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2025
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2025
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2025
AbstractAimsIt was recently demonstrated that the intracellular signalling phosphatase calcineurin is subject to cleavage by the protease calpain, resulting in a truncated calcineurin fragment that is a strong inductor of myocardial hypertrophy. We now address the question of whether inhibition of calpain function in cardiomyocytes, and thereby prevention of calcineurin truncation, attenuates development of myocardial hypertrophy.Methods and resultsWe generated a transgenic mouse model with conditional cardiac calpastatin overexpression (CAST OE) and compared their cardiac hypertrophic response to angiotensin‐II (AngII) with that of non‐induced control animals. Angiotensin‐II osmotic mini‐pumps were removed 3 weeks after implantation and cardiac hypertrophy was re‐evaluated 3 weeks after pump removal. Induction of calpastatin overexpression resulted in 88% inhibition of calpain activity and suppressed calcineurin truncation. In CAST OE mice, basal phenotype and AngII‐induced myocardial hypertrophy were comparable with non‐induced controls (mean heart to body weight ratios ± SD in milligrams per gram: CAST OE, 4.8 ± 0.4; CAST OE + AngII, 7.1 ± 0.5; non‐induced, 4.9 ± 0.4; non‐induced + AngII, 7.2 ± 0.4). However, CAST OE mice demonstrated a complete reversal of hypertrophy when angiotensin‐II was removed, whereas hypertrophy persisted in non‐induced controls (CAST OE 5.0 ± 0.5; non‐induced 7.0 ± 0.4; P < 0.0001). Persistent hypertrophy in controls was accompanied by nuclear accumulation of truncated calcineurin and elevated activity of the Nuclear Factor of Activated T‐cells pathway. Moreover, we found that truncated calcineurin was insufficiently ubiquitinylated compared with its full‐length form and thus escaped degradation over several weeks in our in vivo experiments.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that calpain‐mediated cleavage results in nuclear accumulation of a truncated, constitutively active and degradation‐resistant calcineurin isoform that sustains a long‐term myocardial hypertrophic response to angiotensin‐II beyond withdrawal of the stimulus. Cardiomyocyte specific calpain inhibition by transgenic calpastatin overexpression prevented the post‐stimulus myocardial hypertrophic response.- Book : ()
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2025
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2025
AbstractTransarterial radioembolization (TARE) is an established clinical therapy for treating patients with intermediate to advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or those who cannot undergo radical treatment. However, the delivery of a high radiation dose is associated with several adverse effects, such as radiation pneumonitis. Additionally, the available radioactive microspheres (MSs) are dense and unsuitable for interventional delivery. This study proposes the use of commercial CalliSpheres polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel MSs coated with polydopamine (PDA) as a carrier for radioactive iodine (131I) labeled using the iodogen method, denoted as 131I‐PDA@PVA MSs, which can be for radioembolization combined photothermal therapy (PTT) of HCC. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that 131I‐PDA@PVA MSs have high radiolabeling stability and photothermal properties. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) imaging and biodistribution experiments have shown that 131I‐PDA@PVA MSs remain stable in vivo without any radioactive leakage. The results of the antitumor study suggest that 131I‐PDA@PVA MSs are an effective treatment for inhibiting tumor growth through a combination of radioembolization and PTT while avoiding significant side effects. These multifunctional MSs have great potential for clinical application in the treatment of HCC.- Book : ()
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2025
Abstract
For successfully heating plasma with waves in the Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequencies (ICRF), mitigating impurity production is just as crucial as maximizing power coupling, especially in high-Z environments [Urbanczyk 2021]. Only when the power is coupled with limited influence on impurity production, can ICRF truly become a powerful tool to directly deposit energy on ions, modify turbulence-driven transport and enhance the efficiency of fusion reactions. 
To do so, one must rely on a toroidal array of at least three active elements excited with appropriate phasing and power ratio to reduce the currents induced on the antenna frame below levels critical for physical sputtering. In contrast with classic 2-strap antennas which work best when operated in dipole phasing with same power on both straps, 3-strap antennas in ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) – but also 4-strap antennas in JET, Alcator C-Mod, SPARC and ITER – offer the possibility to also act on the power ratio between central and outer straps. With optimal settings, impurity production can be reduced substantially, making ICRF compatible with high-Z wall [Bobkov 2017]. 
This paper explores the characteristics of the AUG 3-strap antennas in terms of impurity production, as well as the key role of plasma composition in this process. It is shown that the experimentally measured energies of ions falling on antenna limiters can well be predicted with at least two different numerical tools: SSWICH and Petra-M. These tools are further used to describe the source of impurity, namely the gross erosion of tungsten from an ICRF antenna for different plasma mixtures, and results of the calculations are compared to experiments. We finally show that deleterious effects of ICRF on plasma surface interactions will be weaker in plasmas containing larger fractions of highly ionized heavier low-Z impurity, which is typically relevant for experiments relying on impurity seeding.- Book : ()
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