Abstract Precise diagnostic on the electron beam parameters is a very valuable tool and essential in the operation of synchrotron light sources. One possible option is to employ the emitted synchrotron radiation for non-destructive measurements. A tool, which has been used in many ring-based synchrotron light sources is Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting (TCSPC). It allows to measure the arrival time distribution of the emitted photons and, by that, reveals the filling pattern, i.e., the charge distribution onto the electron bunches stored in the storage ring. At MAX IV, two TCSPC setups were installed and the analysis was extended to also allow for the measurement of the longitudinal profiles of the individual bunches. The analysis is available as a Tango device in the accelerator control system and continuously provides, for example, the bunch length of each bunch as well as the bunch profiles and phases. This improved the diagnostic capabilities significantly, for example, in the presence of Landau cavities, which are becoming increasingly more common in new fourth-generation synchrotron light sources.

• Book : 20(03)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.P03011-P03011
• Keyword :

Abstract Space travel is a growing area of interest and includes initiatives such as NASA’s Moon-to-Mars Mission. Reports on the cardiovascular effects of space travel reveal changes in morphology, metabolism, and function of the cardiovascular system. In this study, the cardiovascular response to immunization in space was studied in mice which were housed and immunized while on the International Space Station (ISS). Mice were immunized with tetanus toxoid combined with the adjuvant CpG (TT + CpG) and the effects of vaccination in space were studied using transcriptomics. Analysis of the mouse heart transcriptome was performed on flight control and flight-immunized mice. The results show that immunization aboard the ISS stimulates heightened inflammation in the heart via induction of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway to promote the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNγ, IL-17 and IL-6. Additional transcriptomic changes included alterations in the cytoskeleton and in the expression of transcripts associated with protection from oxidative stress. In summary, inflammation in the heart can occur following immunization in space. This investigation explores the impact of immune challenges on the heart and lays the groundwork for future research into additional cardiac alterations which can occur during spaceflight.

• Book : 26(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

Cells respond to adhesive ligands such as arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) through integrins, which regulates cellular activities via influencing cytoskeleton assembly. Herein, we report that the nanoscale distribution of active ligands on biomaterials regulates cells through not only cytoplasmic tension but also nuclear tension. This is particularly related to translocation of actin into nucleus and highlighted in our interpretation of an “abnormal” phenomenon that large RGD nanospacing (>70 nm) disassembles integrin clusters, inhibits cell adhesion, but promotes osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Our studies reveal that the unstable adhesion at the 150 nm RGD distance increases actin dynamics, resulting in the nuclear translocation of globular (G) actin. The compartment polymerization of more G-actins to filamentous actins in nucleus increases nuclear tension, facilitating transcription activity and releasing calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum. This noncanonical mechanotransduction process sheds insight into mechanotransduction pertinent to cell–material interactions.

• Book : 122(10)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

This study demonstrates rapid carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesis using a 150 kHz induction heating system, enabling precise temperature and pressure control in thermal chemical vapor deposition processes. CNT growth optimization at temperatures between 887 and 955 °C and pressures from 1 to 700 Torr reveals that an optimized temperature (887 °C) and pressure (100 Torr) yield enhanced field emission performance. The 150 kHz induction heating provided faster heating rates and a more consistent temperature distribution across the substrate, significantly enhancing growth efficiency. CNT grown using the induction heating system demonstrated high emission currents and outstanding stability during field emission tests. The induction heating approach reduces synthesis time, offering an efficient pathway for scalable production of field emission devices.

• Book : 15(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
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Abstract The entanglement entropy of the Hawking radiation contains contributions from a region inside the black hole, which is called islands, implying that the Hawking radiation contains the information of islands. The boundary of the island is given by the quantum extremal surface, whose position is determined so that the entanglement entropy is extremized. In many cases of stationary black holes in the Hartle-Hawking vacuum and a few cases of evaporating black holes in the Unruh vacuum, it was already confirmed that the quantum extremal surface is located outside the horizon for black holes in the Hartle-Hawking vacuum and is inside the horizon for black holes in the Unruh vacuum. In this paper, we calculate islands in general black holes and show that the island extends to the outside of the horizon in the Hartle-Hawking vacuum but is hidden inside the horizon in the Unruh vacuum independent of details of the black hole.

• Book : 2025(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

The purpose of this study article is to provide a detailed examination of the performance of exergy electric panels, exergy efficiency panels and exergy solar panels under the climatic circumstances of the Utrecht region in the Netherlands. The study explores the performance of these solar panels in terms of both their energy efficiency and their exergy efficiency. Additionally, the study investigates critical factors such as solar radiation, module internal temperature, air temperature, maximum power, and solar energy efficiency. Environmental factors have a considerable impact on panel performance; temperature has a negative impact on efficiency, whereas an increase in solar radiation leads to an increase in energy and exergy output. These findings offer significant insights that can be used to increase the utilization of solar energy in locations that have a temperate oceanic climate, particularly in the context of the climatic conditions of the Utrecht region. The usefulness of the linear regression model in machine learning was validated by performance measures such as R2, RMSE, MAE, and MAPE. Furthermore, an R2 value of 0.94889 was found for the parameters that were utilized. Policy makers, researchers, and industry stakeholders who seek to successfully utilize solar energy in the face of changing climatic conditions may find this research to be an important reference.

• Book : 18(6)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.1318-1318
• Keyword :

Abstract We investigate loosely bound composite states made of dark matter, where the binding energy for constituent particles is considerably less than the constituent mass. We focus on models of nuclear and molecular dark matter, where constituents are separated by length scales larger than the inverse constituent mass, just like nuclei and atoms in the Standard Model. The cosmology, structure, and interactions at underground experiments are described. We find that loosely bound composites can have a very large cross section for scattering with nuclei that scales with nucleon number like ∼ A 4. For some couplings, these composites produce extremely soft (≪ keV) individual atomic recoils while depositing a large amount of total recoil energy (≫ keV) in a single passage through a detector, implying an interesting new class of signatures for low threshold direct detection.

• Book : 2025(03)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.013-013
• Keyword :

Fusion reactors produce high-energy neutrons through the Deuterium-Tritium (DT) reaction. The long-term performance verification and structural integrity assessment of the breeding blanket under continuous plasma operation are essential for the development of Demonstration fusion power reactor (DEMO) breeding blankets.The Korea Institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) has been planning the construction of a test facility called the Integrated Breeding Test Facility (IBTF) that uses a linear accelerator as the neutron source. A solid beryllium target has been considered to generate fusion-like neutrons. A conceptual design of the Tritium Breeding Unit (TBU), which is a key component of the breeding blanket, has been carried out. This study evaluated tritium production under fusion-like conditions using factors such as the position and thickness of the graphite block, the thickness of the first wall, and the radial length of the breeding zone. The results showed that increasing graphite block thickness and optimizing the dimensions of the TBU enhanced tritium production. However, these changes affected the structural integrity of the TBU. The side wall of the TBU experienced membrane plus bending stress, which exceeded the Level C and D acceptance criteria under the assumption of In-Box LOCA. Measures were investigated to ensure structural integrity while improving tritium production of the TBU.

• Book : 57(4)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.3-30
• Keyword :

AbstractGut microbiota has a close connection to different thyroid disorders, yet research on its links to subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) remains limited and insufficient. In this study, we explored the potential relationship between the gut microbiota and SCH, as well as dyslipidemia in SCH mice. The SCH mouse model was induced using methimazole. The composition of the gut microbiota from mice was then analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology. An antibiotic disruption experiment was used to assess how gut microbiota imbalance impacts thyroid function. The SCH mouse models were constructed and accompanied by significant dyslipidemia. The results revealed no significant differences in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidota ratio or α‐diversity in gut microbiota from SCH and control mice, and in β‐diversity, there was a noticeable but small difference between the groups. 14 differential genera between the two groups identified through LEfSe analysis were significantly correlated with serum lipid levels. Furthermore, the results of the antibiotic disruption experiment demonstrated that gut microbiota imbalance exacerbated the hypothyroidism in mice. The present results suggest that subclinical hypothyroidism has not yet caused significant changes in gut microbiota homeostasis, but gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating thyroid function and is closely associated with dyslipidemia in SCH. This study could help understand the relationship between gut microbiota and SCH, and offer new perspectives on dyslipidemia management in SCH.

• Book : 39(5)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
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AbstractGroundwater–lake water exchange in flow‐through lakes which includes both groundwater discharge into the lake and lake water seepage into the aquifer, is crucial for sustaining lake wetland ecosystems; however, these two processes are rarely addressed simultaneously by tracer methods. In this study, radon (222Rn) is used as a tracer to estimate both groundwater inflow and outflow in flow‐through lakes in the Poyang Lake area, using a combination of a 222Rn mass‐balance model and a 222Rn production‐decay model. The results reveal that the 222Rn flux from lake water seepage into the aquifer cannot be neglected in the 222Rn mass‐balance model for flow‐through lakes. The velocity of groundwater discharging into the flow‐through lake was determined to be 23 ± 13 cm/d based on the 222Rn mass‐balance model, while the velocity of the lake water seepage into the ground was estimated to be 22 ± 14 cm/d using the 222Rn production‐decay model. A valid point dilution test was used to estimate the groundwater Darcy velocity near the flow‐through lake as 24 cm/d, which closely matches to the results obtained using the 222Rn method. The results from 222Rn production‐decay model enhance the accuracy of groundwater discharge estimation derived from the 222Rn mass‐balance model. This study demonstrates both processes of groundwater–lake water exchange (groundwater discharge into the lake and lake water seepage into the ground) in a flow‐through lake can be estimated using only 222Rn (dual 222Rn models: mass‐balance model and production‐decay model).

• Book : 61(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :