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2025
- Book : 1075()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.170357-170357
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2025
SummaryType 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of most insulin-producing β-cells, along with dysregulated glucagon secretion from pancreatic α-cells. We conducted an integrated analysis that combines electrophysiological and transcriptomic profiling, along with machine learning, of islet cells from T1D donors to investigate the mechanisms underlying their dysfunction. Surviving β-cells exhibit altered electrophysiological properties and transcriptomic signatures indicative of increased antigen presentation, metabolic reprogramming, and impaired protein translation. In α-cells, we observed hyper-responsiveness and increased exocytosis, which are associated with upregulated immune signaling, disrupted transcription factor localization and lysosome homeostasis, as well as dysregulation of mTORC1 complex signaling. Notably, key genetic risk signals for T1D were enriched in transcripts related to α-cell dysfunction, including MHC class I which were closely linked with α-cell dysfunction. Our data provide novel insights into the molecular underpinnings of islet cell dysfunction in T1D, highlighting pathways that may be leveraged to preserve residual β-cell function and modulate α-cell activity. These findings underscore the complex interplay between immune signaling, metabolic stress, and cellular identity in shaping islet cell phenotypes in T1D.HighlightsSurviving β-cells in T1D show disrupted electrical function linked to metabolic reprogramming and immune stress.Transcripts associated with α-cell dysfunction are enriched in genetic risk alleles for T1D.Upregulated MHC class I and impaired nuclear localization of key transcription factors associate with α-cell dysfunction in T1D.T1D α-cells exhibit increased hyper-activity, lysosomal imbalance and impaired mTORC1 signaling, which promotes dysregulated glucagon secretion.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page :
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2025
Abstract
The entanglement entropy of the Hawking radiation contains contributions from a region inside the black hole, which is called islands, implying that the Hawking radiation contains the information of islands. The boundary of the island is given by the quantum extremal surface, whose position is determined so that the entanglement entropy is extremized. In many cases of stationary black holes in the Hartle-Hawking vacuum and a few cases of evaporating black holes in the Unruh vacuum, it was already confirmed that the quantum extremal surface is located outside the horizon for black holes in the Hartle-Hawking vacuum and is inside the horizon for black holes in the Unruh vacuum. In this paper, we calculate islands in general black holes and show that the island extends to the outside of the horizon in the Hartle-Hawking vacuum but is hidden inside the horizon in the Unruh vacuum independent of details of the black hole.- Book : 2025(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
AbstractGroundwater–lake water exchange in flow‐through lakes which includes both groundwater discharge into the lake and lake water seepage into the aquifer, is crucial for sustaining lake wetland ecosystems; however, these two processes are rarely addressed simultaneously by tracer methods. In this study, radon (222Rn) is used as a tracer to estimate both groundwater inflow and outflow in flow‐through lakes in the Poyang Lake area, using a combination of a 222Rn mass‐balance model and a 222Rn production‐decay model. The results reveal that the 222Rn flux from lake water seepage into the aquifer cannot be neglected in the 222Rn mass‐balance model for flow‐through lakes. The velocity of groundwater discharging into the flow‐through lake was determined to be 23 ± 13 cm/d based on the 222Rn mass‐balance model, while the velocity of the lake water seepage into the ground was estimated to be 22 ± 14 cm/d using the 222Rn production‐decay model. A valid point dilution test was used to estimate the groundwater Darcy velocity near the flow‐through lake as 24 cm/d, which closely matches to the results obtained using the 222Rn method. The results from 222Rn production‐decay model enhance the accuracy of groundwater discharge estimation derived from the 222Rn mass‐balance model. This study demonstrates both processes of groundwater–lake water exchange (groundwater discharge into the lake and lake water seepage into the ground) in a flow‐through lake can be estimated using only 222Rn (dual 222Rn models: mass‐balance model and production‐decay model).- Book : 61(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
Electrodermal activity (EDA) reflects the variation in the electrical conductance of the skin in response to sweat secretion, constituting a non-invasive measure of the sympathetic nervous system. This system intervenes in reactions to stress and is strongly activated in emotional states. In most cases, EDA signals are collected from the hand (fingers or palms), which is not an ideal location for a sensor when the participant has to use their hands during tasks or activities. This study aims to explore alternative locations for retrieving EDA signals (e.g., the chest, back, and forehead). EDA signals from 25 healthy participants were collected using a protocol involving different physical stimuli that have been reported to induce an electrodermal response. The features extracted included the Skin Conductance Response (SCR) height, SCR amplitude, and peak prominence. An analysis of these features and the analysis of the correlation between the standard position with the different locations suggested that the chest, while a possible alternative for EDA signal collection, presents some weak results, and further evaluation of this site is needed. Additionally, the forehead should be excluded as an alternative site, at least in short-term measurements.- Book : 25(6)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.1762-1762
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2025
Once, discreet circuit elements, called components, were heaped up on boards inside steel cages using wire-lead technology in just five short years. Fast forward to today, and your computer CPU fits about half an inch square on a chip. Both this constant miniaturization of electronic circuits and the rapid growth in the prevalence of third-party intellectual property parts have made hardware protection more worrisome than ever.Among all these issues, Hardware Trojans (HTs)—which represent corrupted or harmful additions during various design and fabrication stages—pose significant threats to system integrity, privacy of data, and essential infrastructure. Recent studies have investigated machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques designed to enable Hardware Trojans to be found, located, and eliminated in all stages from the register transfer level (RTL) and beyond.This survey gives an in-depth look at how AI can enhance RTL security. It classifies these AI-based techniques into four main categories:Graph-Based Techniques:GNNs, for instance, can be used to estimate the topology of circuits, extract structural characteristics, and thus find where some corruption has occurred.The SALTY framework applies Jumping-Knowledge GNNs to improve the accuracy location for hardware Trojans.Deep Learning in Side-Channel and Power-Analysis Techniques:Deep learning methods—such as Siamese Neural Networks (SNNs) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models—have been developed to detect abnormalities brought about by Trojans in power consumption or electromagnetic (EM) radiation, granting non-invasive practices clear security benefits.Studies show that these techniques are superior to the traditional golden-model side-channel detection techniques.Machine Learning Analysis of RTL Code:In conjunction with AI, research teams are now building nearest-neighbor classifiers and decision trees and using reinforcement learning (RL) to recognize occurrences of Trojans inside RTL code.Some research uses Verilog/VHDL conditional statements as features for ML, making it possible for early warning signals to be effectively detected and introducing a proactive security mechanism during the design phase.Comprehensive Security Measures and Logic Locking:A step-by-step methodology has evolved for prevention measures such as logic locking and layout hardening, which aims against a splendid prospect within reach.The TroLLoc framework uses logic obfuscation combined with security-aware placement and routing, thus mitigating security exposures post-design.However, comprehensive studies point out several outstanding problems: key recovery attacks and unintended data leakage related to security in logic locking.In this way, the paper evaluates various AI-driven security strategies in an organized, facilitative manner, thereby highlighting significant challenges and proposing future research directions.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
Abstract
Space travel is a growing area of interest and includes initiatives such as NASA’s Moon-to-Mars Mission. Reports on the cardiovascular effects of space travel reveal changes in morphology, metabolism, and function of the cardiovascular system. In this study, the cardiovascular response to immunization in space was studied in mice which were housed and immunized while on the International Space Station (ISS). Mice were immunized with tetanus toxoid combined with the adjuvant CpG (TT + CpG) and the effects of vaccination in space were studied using transcriptomics. Analysis of the mouse heart transcriptome was performed on flight control and flight-immunized mice. The results show that immunization aboard the ISS stimulates heightened inflammation in the heart via induction of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway to promote the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNγ, IL-17 and IL-6. Additional transcriptomic changes included alterations in the cytoskeleton and in the expression of transcripts associated with protection from oxidative stress. In summary, inflammation in the heart can occur following immunization in space. This investigation explores the impact of immune challenges on the heart and lays the groundwork for future research into additional cardiac alterations which can occur during spaceflight.- Book : 26(1)
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
We present a study of magnetic transport and radiation properties during compression of a magnetized laboratory plasma. A theta pinch is used to produce a magnetized plasma column undergoing radial implosion, with plasma parameters comprehensively measured through diverse diagnostic techniques. High-resolution observations show the implosion progressing through three stages: compression, expansion, and recompression. An anomalous demagnetization phenomenon is observed during the first compression stage, wherein the magnetic field at the plasma center is depleted as the density increases. We reveal the demagnetization mechanism and formulate a straightforward criterion for determining its occurrence, through analysis based on extended-magnetohydrodynamics theory and a generalized Ohm’s law. Additionally, we quantitatively evaluate the radiation losses and magnetic field variations during the two compression stages, providing experimental evidence that magnetic transport can influence the radiation properties by altering the plasma hydrodynamics. Furthermore, extrapolated results using our findings reveal direct relevance to magnetized inertial confinement fusion, space, and astrophysical plasma scenarios.- Book : 10(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
The Crilin calorimeter is a semi-homogeneous calorimetric system that uses Lead Fluoride (PbF2) crystals with UV-extended Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). Proposed for the Muon Collider, it requires high granularity to distinguish signal particles and address substructures for jet identification. Anticipating substantial occupancy due to beam-induced backgrounds, simulations indicate a photon flux with an average energy of 1.7 MeV and approximately 4.5 MHz/cm2 fluence rate. Prioritizing time-of-arrival measurements within the calorimeter is crucial for associating clusters with interaction vertices. The calorimeter’s energy resolution is vital for determining jet kinematics. Extensive radiation hardness studies confirm the system’s effectiveness when operating in a challenging radiation environment, with exposure up to 10 kGy/year total ionizing dose (TID) and a neutron fluence equivalent to 1014 neutrons 1 MeV/cm2/year.
Prototype (Proto-1), with two layers of 3×3 PbF2 crystals, achieved a timing resolution below 50 ps for energy deposits exceeding 1 GeV during 2023 tests. A comprehensive overview, including mechanics, electronics, and test beam outcomes, is presented. Construction is underway for a larger 9 9 crystal matrix prototype with 5 layers, to be completed in 2024. Testing is scheduled for the summer of 2025.- Book : 320()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.00023-00023
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