ABSTRACT

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (AML‐MSCs) have been identified to play a significant role in AML progression. The functions of MSCs mainly depend on their paracrine action. Here, we investigated whether AML‐MSCs functioned in AML cells by transferring METTL14 (Methyltransferase 14) into AML cells via exosomes. Functional analyses were conducted using MTT assay, 5‐ethynyl‐2‐deoxyuridine assay and flow cytometry. qRT‐PCR and western blot analyses detected levels of mRNAs and proteins. Exosomes (exo) were isolated from AML‐MSCs by ultracentrifugation. The m6A modification profile was determined by methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) assay. The interaction between Insulin‐like growth factor 2 mRNA‐binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) and Rho Kinase 1 (ROCK1) was validated using RIP assay. AML‐MSCs incubation promoted the proliferation and radioresistance in AML cells. Moreover, AML‐MSCs incubation led to increases in m6A levels and METTL14 levels in AML cells. METTL14 was transferred into AML cells by packaging into exosomes of AML‐MSCs. The knockdown of METTL14 in AML‐MSCs exosomes could reduce the proliferation and radioresistance in AML cells. Mechanistically, METTL14 induced ROCK1 m6A modification and stabilized its expression by an m6A‐IGF2BP3‐dependent mechanism. Rescue assay showed that ROCK1 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effects of METTL14 silencing in AML‐MSCs exosomes on AML cell proliferation and radioresistance. Exosome‐shuttled METTL14 from AML‐MSCs promoted proliferation and conferred radioresistance in AML cells by stabilizing ROCK1 expression via an m6A‐IGF2BP3‐dependent mechanism.

• Book : 86(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.e70025
• Keyword :

Summary

A compact flag‐shaped slotted multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna is deliberated in the article for triple‐band applications. The flag‐shaped slotted antenna is built with the help of four radiating patches having rectangular slots and disconnected ground structures. The suggested flag‐shaped slotted antenna can operate in the key frequencies of 2.4, 3.5, and 5 GHz. The antenna elements are oriented orthogonally with each other, such that no external decoupling structures are required to provide isolation. The complete size of the four‐element MIMO is 30*30*1.6 mm³. The minimum isolation between the four flag‐shaped slotted elements is −61, −55, and −47 dB in the operating frequency band of 2.3-2.8 GHz, 3.4-3.9 GHz, and 4.5-5.6 GHz, respectively. The simulated and measured results agree with each other, and they have stable radiation and gain. The MIMO performance parameters are measured, and it is noticed that the envelope correlation coefficient is lower than 0.04 and the diversity gain is 9.99 dB in the considered working frequency bands. The proposed flag‐shaped slotted MIMO is appropriate for WLAN, 5G sub‐6 GHz, and ISM wireless applications.

• Book : 38(2)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.e5967
• Keyword :

ABSTRACT

The partial Pb²⁺ substitution with Cu⁺ ions has been thoroughly applied as an approach to produce new absorber materials with enhanced light and radiation hardness required for potential aerospace applications of perovskite solar cells. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that Cu⁺ ions are partially integrated into the crystal lattice of MAPbI3 on the surface of perovskite grains and induce p‐doping effect, which is crucial for a range of applications. Importantly, the presence of Cu⁺ enhances photostability of perovskite films and blocks the formation of metallic lead as a photolysis product. Furthermore, we have carried out one of the first studies on the radiation hardness of complex lead halides exposed to two different stressors: γ‐rays and 8.5 MeV electron beams. The obtained results demonstrate that Cu⁺ doping alters completely the radiation‐induced degradation pathways of the double cation perovskite. Indeed, while Cs0.12FA0.88PbI3 degrades mostly with segregation of δ‐phase of FAPbI3 forming a Cs‐rich perovskite phase, the Cs0.12FA0.88Pb0.99Cu0.01I2.99 films tend to expel δ‐CsPbI3 and produce FA‐rich perovskite phase, which shows impressive tolerance to both γ‐rays and high energy electrons. The beneficial effect of copper ion incorporation on the stability of lead halide perovskite solar cells under light soaking and γ‐ray irradiation conditions has been shown. The discovered possibility of controlling the electronic properties and major materials degradation pathways through minor modification of their chemical composition (e.g., replacing 1% of Pb²⁺ with Cu⁺) opens up tremendous opportunities for engineering new perovskite absorber compositions with significantly improved properties for both terrestrial and aerospace applications.

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• Book : 7(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.e12512
• Keyword :

Abstract

Clusters of atmospheric precursor molecules, like sulfuric acid, bisulfate, and organic carboxylic acids, are important embryos for the formation of aerosol particles, further impacting both the earth radiation budget, cloud formation, and daily life. In this work, we studied theoretically the structures, energetics, and interactions of a cluster formed between HSO4^- and acetic acid: HSO4^-•H⁺•CH3COO^-, which stands for the uncertain location of the proton, either on HSO4^- end or on CH3COO^- end. We checked the performance of second‐order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) and several density functional theory methods, including BP86, PW91, PBE0, B3LYP, M06‐2X, CAM‐B3LYP, ωB97XD, and B2PLYP with both double‐ζ and triple‐ζ basis sets. We found that overall M06‐2X has good performance for the structures and energetics, and is suggested to be the choice for calculating similar kind of aerosol clusters, but B3LYP also has acceptable performance for optimizing the structures, in particular when dispersion corrections are included. We also found that HSO4^-•H⁺•CH3COO^- has two almost energy degenerate hydrogen bonded isomers, that is, HSO4^-(CH3COOH) and H2SO4(CH3COO^-), and energy decomposition analysis revealed that electrostatic interaction dominates the hydrogen bonding interactions for both isomers, followed by exchange and orbital interactions.

• Book : 10(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.e202402935
• Keyword :

Context. About 15%-60% of all supernova remnants are estimated to interact with dense molecular clouds. In these high-density environments, radiative losses are significant. The cooling radiation can be observed in forbidden lines at optical wavelengths.

Aims. We aim to determine whether supernovae at different positions within a molecular cloud (with or without magnetic fields) can be distinguished based on their optical emission (e.g. Hα (λ 6563), Hβ (λ 4861), [O III] (λ 5007), [S II] (λ 6717, 6731), and [N II] (λ 6583)) using machine learning (e.g. principle component analysis and k-means clustering).

Methods. We have conducted a statistical analysis of the optical line emission of simulated supernovae interacting with molecular clouds that formed from the multi-phase interstellar medium modelled in the SILCC-Zoom simulations with and without magnetic fields. This work is based on the post-processing of simulations that have been carried out with the 3D (magneto)hydrodynamic code FLASH. Our dataset consists of 22 simulations. The supernovae were placed at a distance of either 25 pc or 50 pc from the molecular cloud’s centre of mass. First, we calculated optical synthetic emission maps (taking into account dust attenuation within the simulation sub-cube) with a post-processing code based on MAPPINGS V cooling tables. Second, we analysed the dataset of synthetic observations using principle component analysis to identify clusters with the k-means algorithm. In addition, we made use of BPT diagrams as a diagnostic of shock-dominated regions.

Results. We find that the presence or absence of magnetic fields has no statistically significant effect on the optical line emission. However, the ambient density distribution at the site of the supernova changes the entire evolution and morphology of the supernova remnant. Due to the different ambient densities in the 25 pc and 50 pc simulations, we are able to distinguish them in a statistically significant manner. Although, optical line attenuation within the supernova remnant can mimic this result depending on the attenuation model that is used. That is why, multi-dimensional analysis of optical emission line ratios in this work does not give extra information about the environmental conditions (ambient density and ambient magnetic field) of supernova remnant.

• Book : 693()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.A38
• Keyword :

Abstract

In this study, we compare the Energy Exascale Earth Systems Model (E3SM) multiscale modeling framework (MMF) with the cloud resolving model (CRM) configured in two (2dMMF) and three (3dMMF) dimensions. We explore how CRM dimensionality impacts the representation of mean and extreme precipitation characteristics. Our results show that tropical mean precipitation patterns are better represented in 3dMMF compared to observations (Integrated Multi‐satellitE Retrivals for GPM and Global Precipitation Climatology Project One Degree Daily products), while 2dMMF better captures extreme precipitation intensity, with systematic land‐ocean differences in precipitation and cloud‐associated variables. These differences are attributed to the co‐occurrence of CRM throttling (i.e., suppressed convection in due to smaller numbers of CRM columns and domain size) and dilution (i.e., 3‐D cloud circulations with increased entrainment and lower precipitation efficiency) effects. Overall, throttling results in more low‐level humidity in 2dMMF and dilution contributes to more high clouds with less precipitation efficiency in 3dMMF. Since throttling occurs more strongly over the ocean than land, the 3dMMF tends to have less cloud liquid and precipitation over the ocean and more cloud ice and precipitation over land. These results may serve as a guide for choosing the CRM structure to reduce precipitation and cloud‐related biases.

Plain Language Summary

Global cloud‐resolving models (CRMs) are compulationally prohibitive for climate length simulations, but an alternate approach that embeds independent kilometer‐scale CRMs in each column of a low‐resolution (∼100 km) global grid can permit convection with lower computational expanse. Such an approach allows cloud‐scale motions to be represented in multi‐year global climate simulations, though at the expense of a disconnection between the global model and CRM grids. In this study we compare two different ways of configuring the embedded CRMs: two‐dimensions (2‐D) aligned in north‐south direction versus three‐dimensions (3‐D) including both north‐south and west‐east directions. The results demonstrate a strong land‐ocean contrast in precipitation, cloud properties, and radiation in the difference between the 2‐D and 3‐D CRM simulations. And the differences are generated by the co‐occurrence of a throttling effect associated with a smaller number of CRM columns in 2‐D, which constrains deep convection, and a dilution effect associated with 3‐D cloud circulations, which enhances mixing and reduces precipitation efficiency. While the dilution effect impacts most of the tropics, the throttling effect is more influential over the ocean. This information can be used to inform the best configuration of the CRM approach for simulating precipitation and related processes in a global climate model.

Key Points

E3SM MMF with a 3‐D CRM reduces mean precipitation pattern biases relative to IMERG, but weakens overall intensity compared to a 2‐D CRM

Weaker throttling with dilution effects in 3dMMF result in less low‐level humidity, more high clouds, and lower precipitation efficiency

The impacts of dilution and throttling differ over land and ocean, which leads to an overall shift of precipitation toward land in 3dMMF

• Book : 17(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.e2024MS004274
• Keyword :

Researchers are interested in the non-Newtonian fluid flow with mixed convection because of its extensive use in industry and manufacturing. Additionally, thermal radiation in convective heat transfer is critical for thermal transmission regulation. As a result, the authors provide an in-depth study of how mixed convective effects on concentration and temperature impact mass, heat, and non-Newtonian Casson fluid flow. A transverse magnetic field and vertical permeable stretched sheet affect the fluid. Nonlinear thermal radiation, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, velocity slip, and temperature slip are all examined. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) can be changed into especially nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with the right similarity transformation. We use the RK-45 technique in Mathematica to solve the system to accommodate different physical attributes. The data are analyzed graphically. This study shows that increasing the free convection parameters $ \text{Gr}$ and $ \text{Gc}$ improves the velocity profile. However, the Casson parameter, magnetic field, velocity slip, and mass suction parameter lower it. Increasing $ \text{Gc, Nb, Nt, Rd}$, and $ \theta _{w}$ parameters lead to a higher temperature profile, whereas $ \beta ,\text{Gr},S$, and $ \varepsilon $ parameters have the opposite. Increased concentration is shown with $ \beta $ and $ \text{Nt}$ parameters, whereas $ \text{Gc, Gr, CR, Le,}$ and $ \text{Sc}$ have the opposite impact. Skin friction increases against $ \delta $ and $ \text{Gr}$ and reduces for S and M Heat transfer increases for $ \beta ,\text{ Gc, Gr,}$ and S whereas reduces for $ \varepsilon \text{ Nb, Nt,Rd,}$ and $ \theta _{w}.$ Mass transfer increases for $ \text{CR, Gr, Gc, Le, Nb,}$ and $ \text{Sc}$ and reduces for $ \text{Nt}$ and $ \beta $.

• Book : 39(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.2450383
• Keyword :

The aim of this study is to estimate the solution of Eyring-Powell nanofluid model (EPNFM) with Darcy Forchheimer slip flow involving bioconvection and nonlinear thermal radiation by employing stupendous knacks of neural networks-based Bayesian computational intelligence (NNBCI). A dataset for the designed NNBCI is generated with Adam numerical procedure for sundry variations of EPNFM by use of several variants including slip constant, Schmidt number, mixed convection parameter, Prandtl number, and bioconvection Lewis parameter. Numerical computations of various physical parameters of interest on EPNFM are estimated with artificial intelligence-based NNBCI and compared with reference data values generated with Adam’s numerical procedure. The accuracy, efficacy, and convergence of the proposed NNBCI to successfully solve the EPNFM are endorsed through M.S.E, statistical instance distribution studies of error-histograms, and assessment of regression metric. The proposed dataset exhibits a close alignment with the reference dataset based on error analysis from level E$ ^{-11}$ to E$ ^{-05}$ authenticates the precision of the designed procedure NNBCI for solving EPNFMs. The executive and novel physical importance of parameters governing the flow, such as nanofluid velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles, are discussed. The observations imply that the presence of the slip constant, mixed convection parameter and Lewis number influences the velocity of the nanofluid. However, it is observed that temperature of the nanofluid declines for higher values of Prandl number while the concentration of nanofluid improves with increasing values of Schmidt number.

• Book : 39(2)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.2450400
• Keyword :

Abstract

Background

Persistent metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG)‐positive skeletal metastases post induction in high‐risk neuroblastoma correlate with a poor outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential rationale for a prospective randomized study evaluating the impact on event‐free survival of the irradiation of residual oligo‐skeletal metastases.

Procedure

Patients over 1 year with a stage M neuroblastoma treated between 2000 and 2020 at Gustave Roussy were identified. Patients with a positive mIBG scan at diagnosis and persistent skeletal metastases after high‐dose chemotherapy (HDC) were included. Data were retrospectively collected and mIBG scans reviewed by two nuclear medicine physicians.

Results

Persistent skeletal uptake after HDC was observed in 30/201 patients (15%). Four patients reached a complete response at the end of maintenance treatment and did not relapse (median follow‐up [FU] 8 years [1.8-11.8]), while two patients had progressive disease during maintenance. Among the 24 patients with persistent skeletal uptakes at the end of treatment, seven had a persistent response (median FU 8.2 years [4-15.6]). Median SIOPEN (International Society of Paediatric Oncology European Neuroblastoma) scores post consolidation and at the end of treatment were, respectively, 2 [1-6] and 2 [0-4] for patients with persistent responses compared to 4 [1-28] and 2 [1-17] for patients with progressive diseases. Median SIOPEN score at progression was 34 [2-56].

Conclusions

Our study underlines that only a minority of patients had persistent skeletal mIBG‐positive scans after HDC. Recurrence mainly occurred in disease sites present at diagnosis that cleared with chemotherapy. On‐therapy control of the disease is the main challenge. These results highlight the complexity of conducting a randomized study exploring this strategy.

• Book : 72(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.e31350
• Keyword :

Radiolabeled peptides play a key role in nuclear medicine to selectively deliver radionuclides to malignancies for diagnosis (imaging) and therapy. Yet, their efficiency is often compromised by low metabolic stability. The use of 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles (1,4‐Tzs) as stable amide bond bioisosteres can increase the half‐life of peptides in vivo while maintaining their biological properties. Previously, the amide‐to‐triazole substitution strategy was used for the stabilization of the pansomatostatin radioligand [¹¹¹In]In‐AT2S, resulting in the mono‐triazolo‐peptidomimetic [¹¹¹In]In‐XG1, a radiotracer with moderately enhanced stability in vivo and retained ability to bind multiple somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtypes. However, inclusion of additional 1,4‐Tz led to a loss of affinity towards SST2R, the receptor overexpressed by most SSTR‐positive cancers. To enhance further the stability of [¹¹¹In]In‐XG1, alternative modifications at the enzymatically labile position Thr¹⁰‐Phe¹¹ were employed. Three novel 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraacetic acid (DOTA)‐peptide conjugates were synthesized with a 1,4‐Tz (Asn⁵‐Ψ[Tz]‐Phe⁶) and either a β‐amino acid (β‐Phe¹¹), reduced amide bond (Thr¹⁰‐Ψ[NH]‐Phe¹¹), or N‐methylated amino acid (N‐Me‐Phe¹¹). Two of the new peptidomimetics were more stable in blood plasma in vitro than [¹¹¹In]In‐XG1. Yet none of them retained high affinity towards SST2R. We demonstrate for the first time the combination of the amide‐to‐triazole substitution strategy with alternative stabilization methods to improve the metabolic stability of tumor‐targeting peptides.

• Book : 31(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.e3654
• Keyword :