Introduction

Multiplexed PET imaging revolutionized clinical decision-making by simultaneously capturing various radiotracer data in a single scan, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and patient comfort. Through a transformer-based deep learning, this study underscores the potential of advanced imaging techniques to streamline diagnosis and improve patient outcomes.

Patients and Methods

The research cohort consisted of 120 patients spanning from cognitively unimpaired individuals to those with mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and other mental disorders. Patients underwent various imaging assessments, including 3D T1-weighted MRI, amyloid PET scans using either ¹⁸F-florbetapir (FBP) or ¹⁸F-flutemetamol (FMM), and ¹⁸F-FDG PET. Summed images of FMM/FBP and FDG were used as proxy for simultaneous scanning of 2 different tracers. A SwinUNETR model, a convolution-free transformer architecture, was trained for image translation. The model was trained using mean square error loss function and 5-fold cross-validation. Visual evaluation involved assessing image similarity and amyloid status, comparing synthesized images with actual ones. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine the significance of differences.

Results

Visual inspection of synthesized images revealed remarkable similarity to reference images across various clinical statuses. The mean centiloid bias for dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy control subjects and for FBP tracers is 15.70 ± 29.78, 0.35 ± 33.68, and 6.52 ± 25.19, respectively, whereas for FMM, it is −6.85 ± 25.02, 4.23 ± 23.78, and 5.71 ± 21.72, respectively. Clinical evaluation by 2 readers further confirmed the model's efficiency, with 97 FBP/FMM and 63 FDG synthesized images (from 120 subjects) found similar to ground truth diagnoses (rank 3), whereas 3 FBP/FMM and 15 FDG synthesized images were considered nonsimilar (rank 1). Promising sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were achieved in amyloid status assessment based on synthesized images, with an average sensitivity of 95 ± 2.5, specificity of 72.5 ± 12.5, and accuracy of 87.5 ± 2.5. Error distribution analyses provided valuable insights into error levels across brain regions, with most falling between −0.1 and +0.2 SUV ratio. Correlation analyses demonstrated strong associations between actual and synthesized images, particularly for FMM images (FBP: Y = 0.72X + 20.95, R² = 0.54; FMM: Y = 0.65X + 22.77, R² = 0.77).

Conclusions

This study demonstrated the potential of a novel convolution-free transformer architecture, SwinUNETR, for synthesizing realistic FDG and FBP/FMM images from summation scans mimicking simultaneous dual-tracer imaging.

• Book : 50(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.1-10
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• Book : 382()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.137797
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• Book : 50()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.100877
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Abstract

Background and objectives

The impact of viral infections on disease susceptibility and progression has predominantly been studied in patients with relapse-onset MS (RMS). Here, we determined immune responses to ubiquitous viruses in patients with primary progressive MS (PPMS).

Methods

Antibody responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), specifically to the latent EBV nuclear antigen 1 and the lytic viral capsid antigen VCA, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and measles virus were determined in a cohort of 68 PPMS patients with a mean follow-up of 8 years and compared with 66 healthy controls matched for sex and age.

Results

Compared with controls, PPMS patients showed increased humoral immune responses to the EBV-encoded nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1), but not to the lytic EBV capsid antigen (VCA) or to other viral antigens. Seroprevalence rates for HCMV were significantly higher in PPMS. Antiviral immune responses at baseline did not correlate with disability progression over time.

Discussion

Elevated immune responses toward EBNA1 are selectively increased in people with primary progressive disease, indicating a link between EBNA1-targeting immune responses and the development of both RMS and PPMS. Our data also suggest that chronic HCMV infection is associated with progressive MS.

• Book : 272(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.26
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• Book : 10(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.101654
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Abstract

Background

Crystal‐storing histiocytosis (CSH) is a rare form of histiocytosis with intralysosomal accumulations of immunoglobulins or paraproteins that aggregate as crystals. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement of CSH is uncommon but should be considered in cases of persistent parenchymal enhancement on neuroimaging.

Methods

We describe one local case of CNS CSH and 10 additional cases identified by literature review.

Results

Among 11 CSH patients, lesions involved either the dura (2/11) or brain parenchyma (9/11). Two cases had leptomeningeal enhancement. One case had spinal cord involvement. Two cases were associated with marginal zone lymphoma; one case was associated with an immunoglobulin A‐plasma cell dyscrasia. Eight of 11 cases had outcome data available: 7/8 cases had clinical and/or radiological improvement and 1/8 had radiological stability.

Conclusions

Central nervous system involvement of CSH is rare. Potential cases should be comprehensively evaluated for lymphoma or myeloma with positron emission tomography/computed tomography (CT) of the body or alternatively, CT of the chest, abdomen, pelvis and nuclear bone scan, bone marrow biopsy, serum protein electrophoresis, and cerebrospinal fluid protein electrophoresis. Treatment is targeted toward the underlying malignancy.

• Book : 32(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.e16528
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Journal of Synchrotron Radiation (JSR) came into being with the publication of its inaugural issue in October 1994 that contained 15 full articles comprising 100 pages. Thirty years of JSR has coincided with several Nobel Prizes that have arisen from the work undertaken on synchrotron radiation sources, with the first of these awarded to Sir John Walker in 1997, just three years after the launch of JSR, and celebrated on the front cover of the journal's July 1999 issue. This article provides an insight into the motivation as well as the journey of establishing this important journal for the IUCr and the synchrotron radiation community which has continued to grow. We also highlight some of the well cited papers for each of the five-year-periods during these 30 years and demonstrate how the journal has become the natural home for all aspects of synchrotron radiation science and technology.

• Book : 32(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.1-9
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ABSTRACT

Deuterium isotope effects on interaction energies and geometrical parameters in several H3O⁺(D3O⁺)^…ene and H3O+(D3O⁺)^…yne complexes, which involve O‐H(D)^…π interactions, have been analyzed using the MP2 level of the multi‐component molecular orbital method (MC_MP2), which can incorporate the nuclear quantum effects of light nuclei, such as protons and deuterons. The MC_MP2 calculations revealed that D3O⁺ replacement reduced the interaction energies of the complexes and induced changes in geometrical parameters. In addition, natural energy decomposition analysis (NEDA) revealed a strong correlation between the H/D isotope effects on the H/D^…π distances and on each energy component.

• Book : 46(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.e70000
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• Book : 332(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.19
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Abstract

Psoriasis is a prevalent chronic systemic immune disease characterized by T‐cellmediated hyperproliferation of keratinized cells. Among its various manifestations, plaque‐type psoriasis is the most common. Treatment options for psoriasis encompass topical medications, biological therapies, phototherapy techniques, and others. However, traditional treatments are associated with numerous side effects. In contrast, targeted therapy has garnered increasing attention due to its high selectivity, strong safety profile, and favorable therapeutic outcomes. Patients with psoriasis lesions exhibit elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines compared with the general population. These proinflammatory cytokines have been implicated in mediating psoriasis pathogenesis by inducing keratinocyte proliferation through multiple signaling pathways within the body. This study will delve into the Janus kinase‐signal transducers and activators of transcription, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)‐protein kinase B (PKB, also known as AKT), and nuclear factor Kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathways to elucidate their roles in mediating psoriasis pathogenesis. In addition, we will summarize potential targets relevant to the treatment of psoriasis and discuss the design and activity assessment of their inhibitors. It also provides new insights for further in‐depth study of psoriasis and development of novel molecularly targeted inhibitors.

• Book : 358(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.e2400621
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