• Book : 140()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.108969
• Keyword :

• Book : 41(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.5
• Keyword :

• Book : 1053()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.122961
• Keyword :

• Book : 558()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.165563
• Keyword :

Pyrazoles are highly versatile and find applications in various industries including chemicals, pharmaceuticals, polymers, medications, and agriculture. Pyrazoles and their analogues exhibit a range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tuberculosis, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic effects. In this context, this investigation focuses on the synthesis of pyrazoles containing heterocyclic components using Amberlite resin in reactions with ultrasonic irradiation. Synthesized pyrazoles containing heterocyclic components are intermediates of the apixaban API. Some pyrazole derivatives are key impurities of the apixaban API, which is synthesized by a multistep chemical conversion and has been reported previously. The use of the heterogeneous Amberlyst resin, which acts as a reusable catalyst and is gentle on reactions, allows for a more sustainable solution that reduces costs, accelerates reactions, and shortens reaction times. The procedures for using Amberlyst resin under ultrasonic irradiation to synthesize pyrazole derivatives are cost-effective, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly for chemical synthesis and material preparation. They also simplify workups and produce quality and yields comparable to or better than existing methods.

• Book : 14(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.139-148
• Keyword :

• Book : 31(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.187-193
• Keyword :

• Book : 1053()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.122976
• Keyword :

Abstract

Purpose

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is a common form of focal drug resistant epilepsy in adults. Various mesial temporal lobe structures are integral in the genesis of temporal seizures and the hippocampal sclerosis is the primary neuropathological finding in these cases. Surgical treatment is considered the preferred management. This study aims to analyze the anatomical and surgical aspects of various resection techniques of selective amygdalohippocampectomy (SAHE)and clarify the critical anatomical landmarks and technical nuances associated which each method.

Methods

Through dissection of five human head and brain specimens we evaluated three primary surgical approaches for SAHE-transsylvian, transcortical, and subtemporal - and additionally discussed laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT). We examined the anatomical considerations of the temporal lobe and its white matter tracts, as well as the technical aspects of each approach.

Results

The transcortical approach provides direct access to mesial structures but requires precise placement of the corticotomy based on hemisphere dominance to avoid arcuate fascicle and optic radiation. The subtemporal approach preserves all above white matter tracts but may risk interruption of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. The transsylvian approach allows for comprehensive exposure but poses risks to tracts within limen insulae, namely uncinate and inferior fronto - occipital fascicles. Additionally, there is a risk to middle cerebral artery and its branches. LITT offers a minimally invasive alternative with comparable outcomes and reduced risk of cognitive side effects.

Conclusion

Selective amygdalohippocampectomy and its variants, including LITT, are surgical strategies for managing mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Each approach has distinct anatomical and technical considerations that influence the choice of a technique. Due to complex anatomy of temporal lobe and white matter tracts variability more research is essential for achieving favourable outcomes.

• Book : 47(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.1
• Keyword :

• Book : 215()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.111582
• Keyword :

Abstract

Objectives

7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) is the common intermediary of both primary bile acids. C4 is recommended by the British Society of Gastroenterology for the investigation of bile acid diarrhoea (BAD) in patients with chronic diarrhoea. This project aimed to develop and validate an assay to quantitate C4 in serum and assess the stability of C4 in unseparated blood.

Methods

Accuracy was underpinned by calibrating to quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. C4 was analysed in a 96-well plate format with a deuterated C4 internal standard and liquid-liquid extraction. Validation followed the 2018 Food and Drug Administration guidelines. To assess C4 stability, healthy volunteers (n=12) donated 8 fasted samples each. Samples were incubated at 20 °C for up to 72 h and retrieved, centrifuged, aliquoted and frozen for storage at different time points prior to C4 analysis.

Results

The C4 method demonstrated excellent analytical performance and passed all validation criteria. The method was found to be accurate, precise, free from matrix effects and interference. After 72 h of delayed sample separation, C4 concentration gradually declined by up to 14 % from baseline. However, the change was not significant for up to 12 h.

Conclusions

We present a robust method of analysing serum C4, offering a convenient alternative to ⁷⁵SeHCAT for BAD investigation. C4 was found to decline in unseparated blood over time; however, after 12 h the mean change was <5 % from baseline. Our results suggest C4 is suitable for collection from both primary and secondary care prior to gastroenterology referral.

• Book : 63(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.154-163
• Keyword :