Background: Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry for producing complex proteins, primarily because of their ability to perform human-like post-translational modifications. However, the efficiency of high-quality protein production can vary significantly for monoclonal antibody-producing cell lines, within the CHO host cell lines or by extrinsic factors. Methods: To investigate the complex cellular mechanisms underlying this variability, a phosphoproteomics analysis was performed using label-free quantitative liquid chromatography after a phosphopeptide enrichment of recombinant CHO cells producing two different antibodies and a tunicamycin treatment experiment. Using MaxQuant and Perseus for data analysis, we identified 2109 proteins and quantified 4059 phosphosites. Results: Significant phosphorylation dynamics were observed in nuclear proteins of cells producing the difficult-to-produce 2G12 mAb. It suggests that the expression of 2G12 regulates nuclear pathways based on increases and decreases in phosphorylation abundance. Furthermore, a substantial number of changes in the phosphorylation pattern related to tunicamycin treatment have been detected. TM treatment affects, among other phosphoproteins, the eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (Eef2k). Conclusions: The alterations in the phosphorylation landscape of key proteins involved in cellular processes highlight the mechanisms behind stress-induced cellular responses.

• Book : 13(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.9-9
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AbstractAs the severity of climate change and its associated impacts continue to worsen, schemes for artificially cooling surface temperatures via planetary albedo modification are being studied. The method with the most attention in the literature is stratospheric sulfate aerosol intervention (SAI). Placing reflective aerosols in the stratosphere would have profound impacts on the entire Earth system, with potentially far‐reaching societal impacts. How global crop productivity would be affected by such an intervention strategy is still uncertain, and existing evidence is based on theoretical experiments or isolated modeling studies that use crop models missing key processes associated with SAI that affect plant growth, development, and ultimately yield. Here, we utilize three global gridded process‐based crop models to better understand the potential impacts of one SAI scenario on global maize productivity. Two of the crop models that simulate diffuse radiation fertilization show similar, yet small increases in global maize productivity from increased diffuse radiation. Three crop models show diverse responses to the same climate perturbation from SAI relative to the reference future climate change scenario. We find that future SAI implementation relative to a climate change scenario benefits global maize productivity ranging between 0% and 11% depending on the crop model. These production increases are attributed to reduced surface temperatures and higher fractions of diffuse radiation. The range across model outcomes highlights the need for more systematic multi‐model ensemble assessments using multiple climate model forcings under different SAI scenarios.

• Book : 13(2)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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• Pub. Date : 2025
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Ultraviolet radiation (UV) represents a significant abiotic stress, affecting green plants. Phenolic compounds have been suggested as components involved in plant photoprotective adaptation. We used a unique combination of experimental (LED lighting and leaf tagging) and analytical (unbiased, or untargeted, metabolomics) approaches to study the effects of high (approximating mid-summer) and low (approximating winter) levels of UVA on the expression of phenolic compounds. These consisted of river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis ssp. camaldulensis) of five provenances. The geographically separated provenances used in our study spanned the lowest and highest latitudes of the range of this subspecies. The concentrations of gallotannins and ellagitannins (i.e., hydrolysable tannins) increased most under high levels of UVA, but responses only differed slightly among provenances. The most substantial changes in the composition of phenolic compounds were associated with leaf age. Overall, 3-month-old (herein, termed ‘young’) leaves had substantially different phenolic compositions to 6- and 12-month-old (‘old’) leaves. Hydrolysable tannins were more abundant in young leaves, whereas pedunculagin, catechin, and kaempferol galloyl glucoses were more abundant in old leaves. High levels of UVA altered the expression of phenolic compounds, but our experimental saplings were unlikely to experience photoinhibition because they were not exposed to high levels of light and low temperatures, nor were they nitrogen-limited. We expect that changes in phenolic compounds would have been more pronounced if we had induced photoinhibition.

• Book : 14(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.493-493
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Abstract The heliospheric environment is very complex and filled with diverse high-energy particles from various origins, and among these particles, cosmic rays (CRs), including anomalous and Galactic components (ACRs and GCRs), are unique as they originate from beyond the solar system. Due to their stable and long-lasting presence in the heliosphere, the study of CRs is crucial for protecting humanity and other lifeforms against the hazards of high-energy radiation. In this work, we aim to study the prolonged changes in CR nitrogen, a fundamental element that constitutes amino acids, using the measurements from the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft. The comparison of solar modulation on CR nitrogen and oxygen is also made using the yearly averaged ACE observations. The ACR nitrogen has a more even spectrum than ACR oxygen while the spectrum of GCR nitrogen is more abrupt than GCR oxygen. Further model results indicate that GCR nitrogen and oxygen undergo comparable modulation processes within the heliosphere and the slight difference between the observed power-law indices of nitrogen and oxygen spectrum is due to the distinct local interstellar spectrum of the two species. Besides, an analysis is made to explain the observed more flattened ACR spectrum of nitrogen than oxygen caused by the slightly different charge-to-mass ratio Z/A.

• Book : 980(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.106-106
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Abstract Background Chronic periodontitis is a condition impacting approximately 50% of the world’s population. As chronic periodontitis progresses, the bacteria in the oral cavity change resulting in new microbial interactions which in turn influence metabolite production. Chronic periodontitis manifests with inflammation of the periodontal tissues, which is progressively developed due to bacterial infection and prolonged bacterial interaction with the host immune response. The bi-directional relationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases has been reported in many previous studies. Traditional diagnostic methods for chronic periodontitis and systemic diseases such as chronic kidney diseases (CKD) have limitations due to their invasiveness, requiring practised individuals for sample collection, frequent blood collection, and long waiting times for the results. More rapid methods are required to detect such systemic diseases, however, the metabolic profiles of the oral cavity first need to be determined. Aim of review In this review, we explored metabolomics studies that have investigated salivary metabolic profiles associated with chronic periodontitis and systemic illnesses including CKD, oral cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinsons’s disease, and diabetes to highlight the most recent methodologies that have been applied in this field. Key scientific concepts of the review Of the rapid, high throughput techniques for metabolite profiling, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was the most applied technique, followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy was the most used vibrational spectroscopic technique for comparison of the saliva from periodontitis patients to healthy individuals, whilst Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was not utilised as much in this field. A recommendation for cultivating periodontal bacteria in a synthetic medium designed to replicate the conditions and composition of saliva in the oral environment is suggested to facilitate the identification of their metabolites. This approach is instrumental in assessing the potential of these metabolites as biomarkers for systemic illnesses.

• Book : 21(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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BackgroundN6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification is crucial for tumor development and progression; however, which m6A regulators play a pivotal role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains ambiguous.MethodsUtilizing the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, the expression levels of m6A regulators in HNSCC were examined, which led to the identification of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (HNRNPC) as a key gene. Further experiments were performed in patient samples, stable cell lines, and a murine xenograft tumor model.ResultsA reliable survival risk model of m6A was constructed based on the TCGA database. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), normal and tumor tissue microarrays (TMA), and tumor tissue samples from patients with HNSCC were observed that a high level of HNRNPC expression was closely linked to a poor prognosis among patients. Knockdown of HNRNPC in the HNSCC cell lines HSC-3 and CAL-27 resulted in a significant decrease in proliferation, invasion, and malignant transformation abilities. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation and sequencing (MeRIP-seq) data revealed that HNRNPC is involved in cell differentiation, cell migration and apoptosis. The mouse xenograft model elucidated that HNRNPC can promote tumorigenesis and progression of HNSCC.ConclusionsHNRNPC can serve as a valuable predictor of tumor progression and prognosis in patients with HNSCC.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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• Pub. Date : 2025
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In modern society, a wide variety of electronic devices, such as those linked to Wi-Fi routers and power outlets, emit significant electromagnetic radiation. This radiation poses risks not only to human and animal health but also to data security, potentially serving as a source of sensitive information leakage. While short-term exposure to low-frequency radiation typically does not result in adverse effects, prolonged exposure has been associated with various health issues, including depression, nausea, anxiety, headaches, and, in some cases, miscarriages in women. The best solution to protect human from radiation is to cover human body with electromagnetic shielded textile fabrics. Author developed five different mesh-knitted structures and compared their properties with a plain single jersey structure. The purpose of developing mesh knitted fabric is to create curtains that can block or lessen electromagnetic radiation while still allowing light and air to pass through. Composite yarn containing stainless steel wire and carbon fiber was used. Fabric construction was carried out using a fully automatic flat knitting machine. The MH3 and MH5 mesh knitted structures were newly invented. The results showed that the MH3 mesh knitted structure exhibited the highest EMI SE among all the mesh knitted fabrics. The plain single jersey fabric (PJ0) included for the comparison with mesh knitted structures and it exhibited the highest value of electromagnetic interference shielding and UPF rating.

• Book : 20()
• Pub. Date : 2025
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Experimental validation of laser intensity is particularly important for the study of fundamental physics at extremely high intensities. However, reliable diagnosis of the focal spot and peak intensity faces huge challenges. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that the coherent radiation farfield patterns from laser–foil interactions can serve as an in situ, real-time, and easy-to-implement diagnostic for an ultraintense laser focus. The laser-driven electron sheets, curved by the spatially varying laser field and leaving the targets at nearly the speed of light, produce doughnut-shaped patterns depending on the shapes of the focal spot and the absolute laser intensities. Assisted by particle-in-cell simulations, we can achieve measurements of the intensity and the focal spot, and provide immediate feedback to optimize the focal spots for extremely high intensity.

• Book : 10(2)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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