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• Pub. Date : 2025
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Abstract Background Multi-cancer early detection (MCED) tests may expand cancer screening. Characterizing diagnostic resolution approaches following positive MCED tests is critical. Two trials employed distinct resolution approaches: a molecular signal to predict tissue of origin (TOO) and an imaging-based diagnostic strategy. This modeling study characterizes diagnostic journeys and impact in a hypothetical population of average risk MCED eligible patients. Methods A mathematical expression for diagnostic burden was derived using positive predictive value (PPV), molecular TOO localization accuracy, and numbers of procedures associated with each diagnostic outcome. Imaging-based and molecular TOO-informed strategies were compared. Excess lifetime cancer risk due to futile radiation exposure was estimated using organ-specific diagnostic imaging radiation doses. Results Across all PPVs and localization performances, a molecular TOO strategy resulted in a higher diagnostic burden: 3.6 procedures [SD 0.445] vs 2.6 procedures [SD 0.100] for the imaging strategy. Estimated diagnostic burden was higher for molecular TOO in 95.5% of all PPV and TOO accuracy combinations; ≥79% PPV and 90% accuracy would be required for a molecular TOO-informed strategy to be less burdensome than imaging. The maximum rate of excess cancer incidence from radiation exposure for MCED false positive results (individuals aged 50-84) was 64.6/100,000 (annual testing, 99% specificity), 48.5/100,000 (biennial testing, 98.5% specificity), and 64.6/100,000 (biennial testing, 98% specificity). Conclusions An imaging-based diagnostic strategy is more efficient than a molecular TOO-informed approach across almost all PPV and TOO accuracy combinations. The use of an imaging-based approach for cancer localization can be efficient and low-risk compared to a molecular-informed approach.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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SUMMARYAnimals have evolved distinct small RNA pathways, including piRNA and siRNA, to silence invasive and selfish nucleic acids. piRNA pathway factors are concentrated in perinuclear germ granules that frequently associate with nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). However, the factors mediating germ granule-NPC association and the functional relevance of such association remain unknown. Here we show that the conserved nucleoporins NPP-14 (NUP-214) and NPP-24 (NUP-88), components of the cytoplasmic filaments of NPC, play critical roles in anchoring germ granule to NPC and in attenuating piRNA silencing InC. elegans. Proximity labeling experiments further identified EPS-1 (enhanced piRNA silencing) as a key germ granule factor contributing to germ granule-NPC interaction. Innpp-14,npp-24,oreps-1mutant animals, we observed fewer but enlarged, unorganized germ granules, accompanied by the over-amplification of secondary small RNAs at piRNA targeting sites. Nonetheless, we found this enhancement of piRNA silencing comes at the cost of dampened RNAi efficiency and RNAi inheritance. Together, our studies uncovered factors contributing to germ granule-NPC association and underscored the importance of spatial organization of germ granules in balancing small RNA silencing pathways.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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Quantifying and mapping evapotranspiration (ET) from land surfaces is crucial in the context of climate change. For decades, remote sensing data have been utilized to estimate ET, leading to the development of numerous algorithms. However, their application is still non-trivial, mainly due to practical constraints. This paper introduces geeSSEBI, a Google Earth Engine implementation of the S-SEBI (Simplified Surface Energy Balance Index) model, for deriving ET from Landsat data and ERA5-land radiation. The source code and a graphical user interface implemented as a Google Earth Engine application are provided. The model ran on 871 images, and the estimates were evaluated against multiyear data of four eddy covariance towers belonging to the ICOS network, representative of both forests and agricultural landscapes. The model showed an RMSE of approximately 1 mm/day, and a significant correlation with the observed values, at all the sites. A procedure to upscale the data to monthly is proposed and tested as well, and its accuracy evaluated. Overall, the model showed acceptable accuracy, while performing better on forest ecosystems than on agricultural ones, especially at daily and monthly timescales. This implementation is particularly valuable for mapping evapotranspiration in data-scarce environments by utilizing Landsat archives and ERA5-land radiation estimates.

• Book : 17(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.395-395
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of thermal ablation, focusing on radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA), for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using US-, CT-, and MR-guidance. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched for studies comparing US, CT, and MR guidance in thermal ablation for HCC. Observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Overall survival (OS), local tumor recurrence (LTR), primary technique effectiveness (PTE), and major complications were assessed with network meta-analysis. Results: One RCT and 13 retrospective cohort studies reporting on 2349 patients were included. For OS at 3 years, compared to CT, US had hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.98 (95%CI: 0.77–1.26), and MR had HRs of 1.60 (95%CI: 0.51–5.00); For OS at 5 years, US had HRs of 0.80 (95%CI: 0.64–1.01), and MR had HRs of 1.23 (95%CI: 0.52–2.95) compared to CT. LTR rates, PTE, and major complications did not show statistical significance among the three guidance modalities (LTR: RR = 0.29 (95%CI: 0.08–1.14), p = 0.97 MR vs. CT; RR = 0.25 (95%CI: 0.06–1.02), p = 0.97 MR vs. US; PTE: RR = 1.06 (95%CI: 0.96–1.17), p = 0.90 MR vs. CT; RR = 1.08 (95%CI: 0.98–1.20), p = 0.90 MR vs. US. Major complications: RR = 0.27 (95%CI: 0.13–0.59), p = 0.94 MR vs. CT; RR = 0.41 (95%CI: 0.10–1.74), p = 0.94 MR vs. US). Conclusions: CT-, US-, and MR-guided RFA and MWA are equally effective and safe for HCC patients.

• Book : 17(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.409-409
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Recent results on the identified charged-hadron (π±, K±, p, p¯) production vat midrapidity region (|η| < 0.35) have been measured by the PHENIX experiment in p + Al, 3He + Au, Cu + Au collisions at √SNN = 200 GeV and U + U collisions at √SNN = 193 GeV. These measurements are presented through the invariant transverse-momentum (pT ) and transverse-mass (mT) spectra for different collision centralities. The averaged freeze-out temperature value for different systems was found to be 166.1 ± 2.2 MeV, and do not exhibit any dependence on the collision centrality and 〈Nparti〉 values. The particle ratios of K/π and p/π have been measured in different centrality ranges of large and small collision systems. The values of K/π ratios measured in all considered collision systems were found to be consistent with those measured in p+p collisions. Furthermore, the identified charged-hadron nuclear-modification factors (RAB) are also presented. Enhancement of proton RAB values over meson RAB values was observed in central 3He+Au, Cu+Au, and U+U collisions. The proton RAB values measured in p+Al collision system were found to be consistent with RAB values of ∅, π±, K±, and π0 mesons, suggesting that the size of the system produced in p+Al collisions is too small for recombination to cause a noticeable increase in proton production.

• Book : 316()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.03006-03006
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Hyperpolarized-13C magnetic resonance imaging (HP-13C MRI) was used to image changes in 13C-lactate signal during a visual stimulus condition in comparison to an eyes-closed control condition. Whole-brain 13C-pyruvate, 13C-lactate and 13C-bicarbonate production was imaged in healthy volunteers (N = 6, ages 24–33) for the two conditions using two separate hyperpolarized 13C-pyruvate injections. BOLD-fMRI scans were used to delineate regions of functional activation. 13C-metabolite signal was normalized by 13C-metabolite signal from the brainstem and the percentage change in 13C-metabolite signal conditions was calculated. A one-way Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed a significant increase in 13C-lactate in regions of activation when compared to the remainder of the brain ([Formula: see text]). No significant increase was observed in 13C-pyruvate signal ([Formula: see text]) or 13C-bicarbonate signal ([Formula: see text]). The results show an increase in 13C-lactate production in activated regions that is measurable with HP-13C MRI.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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